Abstract
Seasonal life history phenomena were monitored through 1978 for two sublittoral cheilostome bryozoans from souther Britain: Chartella papyracea (Ellis and Solander), a non-placental brooder, and Bugula flabellata (Thompson in Gray), which is placental. The intracolonial relationships between growth by zooid budding, polypide recycling, and sexual reproduction, were analysed for both species — quantitatively in the case of C. papyracea. Although both species grow only in summer, their life histories differ. C. papyracea is more of a K-strategist, producing perennial fronds that release larvae in several successive years, most being liberated in winter months. The reduced need for maximization of the larval productivity rate is reflected in the intracolonial configuration of polypide and sexual recycling. B. flabellata is more of an r-strategist. The larvae are produced by the ephemeral fronds of two successive colony generations each summer. Colonies are dormant in winter. The need to maximize the larval productivity rate in this species is reflected in the polypide/sexual recycling configuration. It is believed that embryonic placentation contributes to the maximization of the larval productivity rate in this and other placental brooders.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Bobin, G.: Histophysiologie du système rosettes-funicule de Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams) (Bryozoaire, cténostome). Les lipides. Archs Zool. exp. gén. 112, 771–792 (1971)
Bobin, G.: Interzooidal communications and the funicular system. In: The biology of bryozoans, pp 307–333 Ed. by R. M. Woollacott and R. L. Zimmer. New York: Academic Press 1977
Corrêa, D. D.: A embryologia de Bugula flabellata (J. V. Thompson) (Bryozoa Ectoprocta). Bolm Fac. Filos. Ciênc. Univ. S Paulo (Zool.)13, 7–71 (1948)
Cumings, S. G.: Zooid regression in Schizoporella unicornis floridana (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Chesapeake Sci. 16, 93–103 (1975)
Dyrynda, P. E. J.: A preliminary study of patterns of polypide generation-degeneration in marine cheilostome Bryozoa. In: Recent and fossil Bryozoa, pp 73–81. Ed. by G. P. Larwood and C. Nielsen. Fredensborg, Denmark: Olsen & Olsen 1981
Dyrynda, P. E. J. and P. E. King: Sexual reproduction in Epistomia bursaria (L.) (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), an endozooidal brooder without polypide recycling. J. Zool. (In press)
Eggleston, D.: Patterns of reproduction in marine Ectoprocta of the Isle of Man. J. nat. Hist. 6, 31–38 (1972)
Fisher, R. A.: The genetical theory of natural selection, 272 pp. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1930
Harper, J. L.: Population biology of plants, 892 pp. London: Academic Press 1977
Harper, J. L. and A. D. Bell: The population dynamics of growth form in organisms with modular construction. In: Population dynamics, pp 29–52. Ed. by R. M. Anderson, B. D. Turner and L. R. Taylor. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications 1979
Hughes, T. P. and J. B. C. Jackson: Do corals lie about their age? Some demographic consequences of partial mortality, fission and fusion. Science, N.Y. 209, 713–715 (1980)
Jackson, J. B. C.: Competition on marine hard substrata: the adaptive significance of solitary and colonial strategies. Am. Nat. 111, 743–767 (1977)
Jackson, J. B. C.: Morphological strategies of sessile animals. In: Biology and systematics of colonial organisms, pp 499–555. Ed. by G. P. Larwood and B. R. Rosen. London: Academic Press 1979
Jackson, J. B. C. and J. E. Winston: Modular growth and longevity in Bryozoans. In: Recent and fossil Bryozoa, pp 121–126, Ed. by G. P. Larwood and C. Nielsen. Fredensborg, Denmark: Olsen & Olsen 1981
Lutaud, G.: Etude du glycogène chez Flustra papyracea Ellis and Solander, Bryozoaire Chilostome. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 244, 1829–1831 (1957)
Lutaud, G.: Contribution a l'étude du bourgeonnement et de la croissance des colonies chez Membranipora membranacea (Linné), Bryozoaire Chilostome. Annls Soc. r. zool. Belg. 91, 157–300 (1961)
MacArthur, R. H. and E. O. Wilson: The theory of island biogeography, 203 pp. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1967
Marcus, E.: Beobachtungen und Versuche an lebenden Meeresbryozoen. Zool. Jb. (Abt. Syst. Ökol. Geogr. Tiere) 52, 1–102 (1926)
Menon, N. R.: Heat tolerance, growth and regeneration in three North Sea bryozoans exposed to different constant temperatures. Mar. Biol. 15, 1–11 (1972)
Menon, N. R.: Observations on growth of Flustra foliacea from Helogland waters. Helgoländer wiss Meeresunters. 27, 263–267 (1975)
Nielsen, C.: On morphology and reproduction of Hippodiplosia insculpta and Fenestrulina malusii (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Ophelia 20, 91–125 (1981)
Numanukai, T.: Histological observations on the budding of the overwintering stolon of a bryozoan, Bugula neritina L. Sci. Rep. Tôhoku Univ. (Ser. 4: Biol.) 33, 499–508 (1968)
Orton, J. H.: Preliminary account of a contribution to an evaluation of the sea. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 10, 312–326 (1914)
Planka, E. R.: Evolutionary ecology, 397 pp New York: Harper & Row 1978
Ryland, J. S.: The British species of Bugula (Polyzoa). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 134, 65–105 (1960)
Ryland, J. S.: Physiology and ecology of marine bryozoans. Adv. mar. Biol. 14, 285–443 (1976)
Ryland, J. S.: Structural and physiological aspects of coloniality in Bryozoa. In: Biology and systematics of colonial organisms, pp 211–242. Ed. by G. Larwood and B. R. Rosen. London: Academic Press 1979
Silén, L.: The main features of the development of the ovum, embryo and ooecium in the ooeciferous Bryozoa Gymnolaemata. Ark. Zool. 35a (17), 1–34 (1944)
Silén, L.: On the fertilization problem in the gymnolaematous Bryozoa. Ophelia 3, 113–140 (1966)
Silén, L.: Fertilization in the Bryozoa. Ophelia. 10, 27–34 (1972)
Silén, L.: Polymorphism in marine bryozoans. In: The biology of bryozoans, pp 184–227. Ed. by R. M. Woollacott and R. L. Zimmer. New York: Academic Press 1977
Stach, L. W.: Observations on Carbasea indivisa Busk (Bryozoa). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 108, 389–399 (1938)
Stebbing, A. R. D.: Growth of Flustra foliacea (Bryozoa). Mar. Biol. 9, 267–273 (1971a)
Stebbing, A. R. D.: The epizoic fauna of Flustra foliacea (Bryozoa). J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 51, 283–300 (1971b)
Ström, R.: Brooding patterns of bryozoans. In: The biology of bryozoans. pp 23–55. Ed. by R. M. Woollacott and R. L. Zimmer. New York: Academic Press 1977
Woollacott, R. F. and R. L. Zimmer: Origin and structure of the brood chamber in Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). Mar. Biol. 16, 165–170 (1972)
Woollacott, R. F. and R. L. Zimmer: A. simplified placenta-like system for the transport of extraembryonic nutrients during embryogenesis of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). J. Morph. 147, 355–378 (1975)
Zimmer, R. L. and R. M. Woollacott: Structure and classification of gymnolaemate larvae. In: The biology of bryozoans, pp 57–89. Ed. by R. M. Woollacott and R. L. Zimmer. New York: Academic Press 1977
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by J. Mauchline, Oban
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dyrynda, P.E.J., Ryland, J.S. Reproductive strategies and life histories in the cheilostome marine bryozoans Chartella papyracea and Bugula flabellata . Mar. Biol. 71, 241–256 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00397041
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00397041