Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Calanus marshallae, a new species of calanoid copepod closely allied to the sibling species C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis

  • Published:
Marine Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Species of the copepod genus Calanus frequently dominate the marine zooplankton in boreal and arctic waters. Up to now there have been no operational means of identifying several species closely related to Calanus finmarchicus. Reanalysis of these taxa, using material from plankton samples collected throughout Northern Hemisphere polar and coreal waters, shows that there are 3 sibling species which have been previously combined under the names C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis. Several new taxonomic characters permit unequivocal identification of C. finmarchicus, C. glacialis, and a new species, C. marshallae. Claims that C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis are subspecies are refuted; there is no evidence that the two species continuously intergrade either where they co-occur or where they are allopatric, nor is there evidence that the two species hybridize. C. finmarchicus is basically restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean and C. marshallae to the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea; C. glacialis is primarily an Arctic species, but its geographical distribution slightly overlaps those of the other two species. Taxa closely related to C. finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus probably represent two separate, but closely linked evolutionary lineage; species of these two lineages are placed in one of two species groups, the finmarchicus group and the helgolandicus group.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Alvariño, A.: Chaetognatha. In: Oceanography and marine biology: annual review, Vol. 3, pp 115–194. Ed. by H. Barnes. London: Allen & Unwin 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • Aurich, H.J.: Der Bestand von Calanus finmarchicus in the Irminger See im Juni 1955. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 13, 246–274 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, T.E.: A new copepod of the genus Calanus from the northwestern Pacific with notes on Calanus tenuicornis Dana. Pacif. Sci. 9, 413–422 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • —: The pelagic amphipod genus Parathemistc (Hyperiidea: Hyperiidae) in the North Pacific and adjacent Arctic Ocean. Proc. U. S. natn. Mus. 112 (3439), 343–392 (1960)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodsky, K.A.: Free-living Copepoda of the Sea of Japan. [Russ]. Izv. tikhoockean. nauchno-issled. Inst. ryb. Khoz. Okeanogr. 26, 3–130 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Calanoida of the far eastern seas and polar basin of the USSR. Opred. Faune SSSR 35, 1–441 (1950) [Transl. from Russian by A. Mercado, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1967]

    Google Scholar 

  • —: On phylogenetic relation of some Calanus (Copepoda) species in the northern and southern hemispheres. [Russ.] Zool. Zh. 38, 1537–1553 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Variability and systematics of the species of the genus Calanus (Copepoda). I. Calanus pacificus Brodsky, 1948 and C. sinicus Brodsky, sp. n. [Russ.]. Issled. Fauny Moreî 3(11), 22–71 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Types of female genitalia and heterogeneity in the genus Calanus (Copepoda). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 176, 222–225 (1967) [Transl. from Russian: Dokl. (Proc.) Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R. (Sect. Biol. Sci.) by Consultants Bureau, N.Y.,pp 705–708, 1968]

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Phylogeny of the fam. Calanidae (Copepoda) on the basis of comparative-morphological analysis of its characters. [Russ.]. Issled. Fauny Moreî 12 (20), 1–110 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Digby, P.S.B.: The biology of the marine planktonic copepods of Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. J. Anim. Ecol. 23, 298–338 (1954)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobzhansky, T.: Species of Drosophila. Science, N.Y., 177, 664–669 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, M.J.: On the size distribution and breeding cycles of four marine planktonic animals from the Arctic. J. Anim. Ecol. 9, 215–226 (1940)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —: Euphausiids and pelagic amphipods: distribution in North Atlantic and Arctic waters. Folio Am. geogr. Soc. (Serial Atlas mar. Envir.) 6, 1–2 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Ecological development in polar regions, 119 pp. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Edinburgh, Oceanographic Laboratory: Continuous plankton records: a plankton atlas of the North Atlantic and North Sea. Bull. mar. Ecol. 7, 1–174 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, S.: Zoogeography of the sea, 417 pp. London: Sidgwick & Jackson 1953

    Google Scholar 

  • Elofsson, R.: A presumed new photoreceptor in copepod crustaceans. Z. Zellforsch. 109, 316–326 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleminger, A.: Distributional atlas of calanoid copepods in the California Current region. Part I. Calif. coop. Fish. Invest. Atlas 2, 1–213 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • — Taxonomy, distribution, and polymorphism in the Labidocera jollae group with remarks on evolution within the group (Copepoda: Calanoida). Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 120 (3567), 1–61 (1967)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, B.W.: Taxonomic status of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis (Copepoda), with special reference to adult males. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 28, 23–30 (1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • — and A. Fleminger: A revision of the genus Clausocalanus (Copepoda: Calanoida) with remarks on distribution patterns in diagnostic characters. Bull. Scripps Instn Oceanogr. 12, 1–235 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Grainger, E.H.: The copepods Calanus glacialis Jaschnov and Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) in Canadian Arctic-Subarctic waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 18, 663–678 (1961)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —: Copepods of the genus Calanus as indicators of eastern Canadian waters. Spec. Publs R. Soc. Can. 5, 68–94 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, A.M. and B.W. Frost: Chemical communication in the marine copepods Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus sp. Crustaceana. (In press)

  • Heinrich, A.K.: The life histories of plankton animals and seasonal cycles of plankton communities in the oceans. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer 27, 15–24 (1962)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, D.M.: The Cenozoic history of Beringiaa synthesis. In: The Bering Land Bridge, pp 451–484. Ed. by D.M. Hopkins. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaschnov, W.A.: Morphology, distribution and systematics of Calanus finmarchicus s. 1. [Russ.] Zool. Zh. 34, 1210–1223 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • — Comparative morphology of the species Calanus finmarchicus s. 1. Zool. Zh. 36, 191–198 (1957a) [Transl. from Russian by M. Melrose, Scottish Marine Biological Association, Oceanogr. Lab., Edinburgh, 1959]

    Google Scholar 

  • —: The Pacific Ocean varieties of Calanus finmarchicus s. 1. Izv. tikhookean. nauchno-issled. Inst. r98-1b. Khoz. Okeanogr. 44, 253–255 (1957b). [Transl. from Russian by D. S. Guild, Scottish Marine Biological Association, Oceanogr. Lab., Edinburgh, 1959]

    Google Scholar 

  • —: The origin of the species Calanus finmarchicus s. 1. Zool. Zh. 37, 838–845 (1958) [Transl. from Russian by P.B. Wells, Scottish Marine Biological Association, Oceanogr. Lab., Edinburgh, 1959]

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Water masses and plankton. 1. Species of Calanus finmarchicus s. 1. as indicators of definite water masses. Zool. Zh. 40, 1314–1334 (1961). [Transl. from Russian by N.F.C. Owen, Scottish Marine Biological Association, Oceanogr. Lab., Edinburgh, 1961]

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Distribution of Calanus species in the seas of the Northern Hemisphere. Int. Revue. ges. Hydrobiol. 55, 197–212 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —: On the systematic status of Calanus glacialis, Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus. Crustaceana 1972 (22), 279–284 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen, P.: The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Copepoda. Meddr Grønland 79 (10), 1–166 (1934)

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Inverstigations on the copepod fauna in East Greenland waters. Meddr Grønland 119 (9), 1–106, (1939)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M.W.: Zooplankton collections from the high polar basin with special reference to the Copepoda. Limnol. Oceanogr. 8, 89–102 (1963)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katona, S.K.: Evidence for sex pheromones in planktonic copepods. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18, 574–583 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, E.: On the anatomy of a marine copepod, Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus). Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 58, 561–603 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclellan, D.C.: The annual cycle of certain calanoid species in West Greenland. Can. J. Zool. 45, 101–115 (1967)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manwell, C., C.M.A. Baker, P.A. Ashton and E.D.S. Corner: Biochemical differences between Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 47, 145–169 (1967)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, J.B.L.: Experimental investigations of the systematic status of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis (Crustacea: Copepoda). In: Some contemporary studies in marine science, pp 479–492. Ed by H. Barnes. London: Allen & Unwin 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Calanus finmarchicus s. 1. in the North Atlantic. The relationships between Calanus finmarchicus s. st., C. glacialis and C. helgolandicus. Bull. mar. Ecol. 6, 159–179 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • —: Continous plankton records: the geographical and seasonal distribution of Calanus finmarchicus s. 1. in the North Atlantic. Bull. mar. Ecol. 6, 251–273 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, E.: Animal species and evolution, 797 pp. Cambridge: Belknap Press 1963

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mrazek, A.: Arktische Copepoden. Fauna arct. 2, 499–528 (1902)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullin, M.M.: Distribution, morphometry, and seasonal biology of the planktonic copepods Calanus tenuicornis and C. lighti, in the Pacific Ocean. Pacif. Sci. 23 438–446 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Omori, M.: The distribution of zooplankton in the Bering Sea and northern North Pacific, as observed by high-speed sampling of the surface waters, with special reference to the copepods. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan 21, 18–27 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, T.S.: Calanoid copepods from the central North Pacific Ocean. Fishery Bull. Fish Wildl. Serv. U.S. 66, 527–572 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, C.B.: Continuous plankton records: the distribution of Calanus finmarchicus (Gunn.) and its two forms in the North Sea. Hull Bull. mar. Ecol. 2, 215–275 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roff, J.C.: Aspects of the reproductive biology of the planktonic copepod Limnocalanus macrurus Sars, 1863. Crustaceana 1972 (22), 156–160 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, M.: Copépodes pélagiques. Faune Fr. 26, 1–374 (1933)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sars, G.O.: An account of the Crustacea of Norway. Vol. 4. Copepoda Calanoida (Pts. I, II), 28 pp. Bergen: Bergen Museum 1901

    Google Scholar 

  • Shan, Kuo-Cheng: Systematic and ecological studies on Copepoda in Indian Arm, British Columbia. M.S. Thesis, University of British Columbia. Vancouver, British Columbia 1962

  • Sokal, R.R. and T.J. Crovello: The biological species concept: a critical evaluation. Am. Nat. 104, 127–153 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spoel, S. van der: Euthecosomata: a group with remarkable developmental stages (Gastropoda, Pteropoda), 375 pp. Gorinchem: J. Noorduijn en Zoon N.V. 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • Størmer, L.: Copepods from the “Michael Sars” expedition, 1924. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer 56, 1–57 (1929)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, O.: The pelagic copepods of the Izu region, middle Japan. Systematic Account I. Families Calanidae and Eucalanidae. Publs Seto mar. biol. Lab. 5, 251–272 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ussing, H.H.: The biology of some important plankton animals in the fjords of East Greenland. Meddr. Grønland 100 (7), 1–108 (1938)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiborg, K.: Zooplankton in relation to hydrography in the Norwegian Sea. Fisk Dir. Skr. (Ser. Havunders.) 11 (4), 1–66 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R.: A further character for identification of the adult females of Calanus finmarchicus, C. helgolandicus and C. glacialis (Crustacea: Copepoda). Bull. mar. Ecol. 8, 53–60 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhouse, C.D.: A study of the ecological relationships and taxonomic status of two species of the genus Calanus (Crustacea: Copepoda). Ph. D. Thesis, University of British Columbia. Vancouver, British Columbia 1971

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    B. W. Frost

Authors
  1. B. W. Frost
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Communicated by J. Bunt, Miami

Contribution No. 755 from the Department of Oceanography, University of Washington.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Frost, B.W. Calanus marshallae, a new species of calanoid copepod closely allied to the sibling species C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis . Mar. Biol. 26, 77–99 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00389089

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00389089

Keywords

Search

Navigation