Summary
We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the two genes encoding the P700 chlorophyll a apoproteins of the photosystem I reaction center of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome. The two genes are separated by 77 bp, are of the same polarity, and span a region which is greater than 9.0 kbp. The psaA gene (751 codons) is interrupted by three introns and the psaB gene (734 codons) by six introns. The introns range in size from 361 to 590 bp, whereas the exons range in size from 42 to 1,194 bp. The introns are extremely AT rich with a pronounced base bias of T > A > G > C in the RNA-like strand. Like other interrupted protein genes in the Euglena chloroplast genome, the psaA and psaB introns are similar to mitochondrial group II introns in having the splice junction consensus sequence, 5′ GTGCGNTTCG ..... INTRON ..... TTAATTTTAT 3′ and conserved secondary structural features. Except for the placement of the first intron, the intron-exon organization of these two highly homologous genes is not conserved. The other introns fall at or near putative surface domains of the predicted gene products. The psaA and psaB gene products are 74% homologous to one another and 93% and 95% homologous, respectively, to the psaA and psaB gene products of higher plant chloroplasts. The predicted secondary structure derived from the primary amino acid sequence has 11 potential membrane-spanning domains.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson JM (1980) Biochim Biophys Acta 59:113–126
Bengis C, Nelson N (1975) J Biol Chem 250:2783–2788
Bengis C, Nelson N (1977) J Biol Chem 252:4564–4569
Biggin MD, Gibson TJ, Hong GF (1983) Proc Natl Acad Scie USA 80:3963–3965
Cantrell A, Bryant DA (1987) Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequences of the psaA and psaB genes of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7002. Plant Mol Biol 9:453–468
Chen EY, Seeburg PH (1985) DNA 4:165–170
Cushman JC, Christopher DA, Little MC, Hallick RB, Price CA (1988) Curr Genet 13:173–180
Dale RMK, McClure BA, Houchins JP (1985) Plasmid 13:31–40
Engelman DM, Steitz TA (1981) Cell 23:411–422
Engelman DM, Steitz TA, Goldman A (1986) Annu Rev Biophys Biochem 15:321–353
Fish LE, Küch U, Bogorad L (1985a) J Biol Chem 260:1413–1421
Fish LE, Küch U, Bogorad L (1985b) In: Molecular biology of the photosynthetic apparatus. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor New York, pp 111–120
Gingrich JC, Hallick RB (1985a) J Biol Chem 260:16156–16161
Gingrich JC, Hallick RB (1985b) J Biol Chem 260:16162–16168
deGraf L, Koessel H, Stutz E (1980) Nature 286:908–910
deGraf L, Roux E, Stutz E, Koessel H (1982) Nucleic Acids Res 10:6369–6381
Hallick RB, Bottomley W (1983) Plant Mol Biol Rep 1:38–43
Hallick RB, Greenberg BM, Gruissem W, Hollingsworth MJ, Karabin GD, Narita JD, Nickerloff JA, Passavant CW, Stiegler GL (1983) In: Cifferi O, Dure III L (eds) Structure and function of plant genomes. NATO ASI Series, vol 63. Plenum Press, New York, pp 155–166
Herrmann RG, Westhoff P, Alt J, Tittgen J, and Nelson N (1985) In: van Vlotendoting L, Groot GSP, Hall TC (eds) Molecular form and function of the plant genome. NATO ASI Series, vol 83. Plenum Press, New York, pp 233–256
Karabin GD, Farley M, Hallick RB (1984) Nucleic Acids Res 12:5801–5812
Keller M, Stutz E (1984) FEBS Lett 175:173–177
Keller M, Michel F (1985) FEBS Lett 179:69–73
Kirsch W, Seyer P, Herrmann RG (1986) Curr Genet 10:843–855
Kyte J and Doolittle RF (1982) J Mol Biol 157:105–132
Kück U, Choquet Y, Schneider M, Dron M, Bennoun P (1987) EMBO J 6:2185–2195
Lagoutte B, Setif P, Duranton J (1980) Photosynth Res 1:3–16
Lehmbeck J, Rasmussen OF, Bookjans GB, Jepsen BR, Strummann BM, Henningsen KW (1986) Plant Mol Biol 7:3–10
Lipman DJ, Pearson WR (1985) Science 227:1435–1441
Manzara T, Hu J-X, Price CA, Hallick, RB (1987) Plant Mol Biol 8:327–336
Manzara T, Hallick RB (1987) Nucleic Acids Res 15:3927
Mead DA, Kemper B (1987) In: Rodriguez R, Denhardt DT (eds) Survey of molecular cloning vectors and their uses. Butterworth, Boston, MA, pp 85–102
Mead DA, Szczesna-Skorupa E, Kemper B (1986) Protein 1:67–74
Montandon PE, Stutz E (1983) Nucleic Acid Res 11:5877–5892
Montandon PE, Stutz E (1984) Nucleic Acid Res 12:2851–2859
Montandon P-E, Vasserot A, Stutz E (1986) Curr Genet 11:35–39
Mullet JE, Burke JJ, Arntzen CJ (1980) Plant Physiol 65:814–822
Nechushtai R, Nelson N (1981) J Biol Chem 256:11624–11628
Ohyama K, Fukuzawa H, Kohchi T, Shirai H, Sano T, Sano S, Umesono K, Shiki Y, Takeuchi M, Chang Z, Aota S, Inokuchi H, Ozeki (1986) Nature 322:572–574
Ortiz W, Lam E, Chollar S, Munt D, Malkin R (1985) Plant Physiol 77:389–397
Passavant CW, Stiegler GL, Hallick RB (1983) J Biol Chem 258:693–695
Passavant CW, Hallick RB (1985) Plant Mol Biol 4:347–354
Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:5463–5467
Satoh K (1979) Plant Cell Physiol 20:499–51
Setif P, Acker S, Lagoutte B, Duranton J (1980) Photosynth Res 1:17–27
Schantz R (1985) Plant Sci 40:43–49
Shinozaki K, Ohme M, Tanaka M, Wakasugi T, Hayashida N, Matsubayashi T, Zaita N, Chunwongse J, Obokata J, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Ohto C, Torazawa K, Meng BY, Sugita M, Deno H, Kamogashira T, Yamada K, Kusuda J, Takaiwa F, Kato A, Tohdoh N, Shimada H, Sugiura M (1986) EMBO J 5:2043–2049
Smith AG, Gray JC (1984) Mol Gen Genet 194:471–476
Steege DA, Graves MC, Spremulli LL (1982) J Biol Chem 257:10430–10439
Takabe T, Ishikawa H, Niwa S, Itoh S (1983) J Biochem 94:1901–1911
Vieira J, Messing J (1987) Methods Enzymol 153:3–11
Vierling E, Alberts RS (1983) Plant Physiol 72:625–633
Westhoff P, Alt J, Nelson N, Bottomley W, Bunemann H, Herrmann RG (1983) Plant Mol Biol 2:95–107
Zielinski RE, Price CA (1980) J Cell Biol 85:435–445
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Abbreviations and notations: Gene names follow the convention of Hallick and Bottomley (1983: psaA, psaB, genes for the P700 apoprotein; psbE an psbF, genes foe the subunits of cytochrome b 559; orfN, open reading frame of N condons
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cushman, J.C., Hallick, R.B. & Price, C.A. The two genes for the P700 chlorophyll a apoproteins on the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome contain multiple introns. Curr Genet 13, 159–171 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00365651
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00365651