Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The periderms of three north American conifers

Part 2: Fine structure

  • Published:
Wood Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The fine structure of inactive eastern white spruce phellogen (Pg) and phelloderm is briefly described. Phellogen cells resemble dormant cambium but contain larger tannin vacuoles. Phelloderm cells contain even more tannin and have much thicker primary walls. Three types of phellem are described: crystalliferous phellem (CP), thin-walled phellem (TnP), and thick-walled phellem (TkP). All three occur in spruce, but only the latter two in balsam fir and eastern hemlock. The TnP cells have thin shared common walls overlain by suberinic and wax extractive layers. True pits are lacking, but plugged plasmodesmatal canals sealed over by the wax extractive layers cross the suberinic layers. Spruce CP and fir and hemlock TnP cells have adaxially-thickened suberinic and wax extractive layers when adjacent to TkP or inactive Pg. The suberin lamellae are much thickened in these suberinic layers, at least in spruce. Spruce CP has a thick wax extractive layer which also sheaths the crystals. The TkP cells of all three species have thick polylamellate abaxial cellin walls perforated by simple pits. The lamellae differ both in structure and composition. Polylamellate wall construction is discussed and a model proposed. The TkP cells have both suberinic and wax extractive layers in fir and hemlock, but only wax extractive layers in spruce. These cells are therefore true phellem cells, not phelloids.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

cml:

compound middle lamella

CP:

crystalliferous phellem

Cr:

crystal

CrC:

crystal cell

dz:

demarcation zone

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

L:

lumen

M:

mitochondrion

nl:

narrow lamella

N:

nucleus

P:

pit

Pd:

phelloderm

Pg:

phellogen

S:

suberinic layer

St:

starch

T:

tannin

TkP:

thick-walled phellem

TnP:

thin-walled phellem

wl:

wide lamella

W:

wax extractive layers

References

  • Bailey, I. W.; Kerr, T. 1937: The structural variability of the secondary walls as revealed by “lignin” residues. J. Arnold Arboretum. 18 (4): 261–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramhall, A. E.; Kellogg, R. M. 1979: Anatomy of secondary phloem of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. IAWA Bull. 1979/4: 79–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Chafe, S. C. 1970: The fine structure of the colenchyma cell wall. Planta 90: 12–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Chafe, S. C. 1974a: On the lamellate structure of the S2 layer. Protoplasma 79: 145–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Chafe, S. C. 1974b: Cell wall structure in the xylem parenchyma of Cryptomeria. Protoplasma 81: 63–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Chafe, S. C.; Chauret, G. 1974: Cell wall structure in the xylem parenchyma of trembling aspen. Protoplasma 80: 129–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Chafe, S. C.; Wardrop, A. B. 1972: Fine structural observations on the epidermis. I. The epidermal cell wall. Planta 107: 269–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Y.-P. 1954: Anatomy of common North American pulpwood barks. Tappi. Monograph Series No. 14

  • Crist, J. B. 1972: Peridem morphology and thick-walled phellem ultrastructure of Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Diss. Abstr. Internat. B. 33(3): 983–984

  • Esau, K. 1967: Plant Anatomy. 2nd Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey-Wyssling, A. 1976: The Plant Cell Wall. Encyclopedia of plant anatomy (Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie) III (4). Berlin, Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey-Wyssling, A.; Mühlethaler, K. 1965: Ultrastructural plant cytology. Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier Pub. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godkin, S. E.; Grozdits, G. A.; Keith, C. T. 1977: A lipid-dense layer in the periderm of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. Proc. Microsc. Soc. Can. IV: 60–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Godkin, S. E.; Grozdits, G. A.; Keith, C. T. 1978: The structure of the thick-walled phellem cells in eastern white spruce periderm. Proc. Microsc. Soc. Can. V: 62–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Grillos, S. J.; Smith, F. H. 1959: The secondary phloem of Douglas fir. For. Sci. 5: 377–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Grozdits, G. A. 1982: Microstructure of sequent periderms and the ultrastructure of periderm cell walls in Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Wood Sci. 15: 110–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Grozdits, G. A.; Godkin, S. E.; Keith, C. T. 1982: The periderms of three conifiers. Park 1. Anatomy. Wood Sci. Technol. 16: 305–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Itoh, T. 1979: Studies on the structure and growth of primary walls of woody plants. Wood Res. Bull. Wood Res. Institute, Kyoto Univ. No. 65, pp. 54–110

  • Karas, I.; McCully, M. E. 1973: Further studies of the histology of lateral root development in Zea mays. Protoplasma 77: 243–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Keith, C. T.; Godkin, S. E. 1976: Fixation of juvenile cambium from two coniferous species for ultrastructural study. Wood a. Fiber 8(3): 177–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, T. 1937: The structure of the growth rings in the secondary wall of the cotton hair. Protoplasma 27: 229–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvay, J. D.; Krahmer, R. L. 1976: The presence of callose in cork cells. Wood a. Fiber 8(3): 146–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvay, J. D.; Krahmer, R. L. 1977: Wall layering in Douglas fir cork cells. Wood Sci. 9(4): 167–173

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, K. A. D. 1979: The development of the endodermis and phi layer of apple roots. Protoplasma 100: 21–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Mader, H. 1954: Untersuchungen an Korkmembranen. Planta 43: 161–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R. E.; Crist, J. B. 1970: Elements of bark structure and terminology. Wood a. Fiber 2(3): 269–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Nanko, H.; Saiki, H.; Harada, H. 1978: Cell wall structure of the sclereids in the secondary phloem of Populus euramericana. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 24(6): 362–368

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, T. P.; Carr, D. J. 1970: A suberized layer in the cell walls of the bundle sheath of grasses. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 23: 275–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Oleson, P. 1978: Studies on the physiological sheaths in roots. I. Ultrastructure of the exoderms in Hoya carnosa L. Protoplasma 94: 325–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Parameswaran, N. 975: Zur Wandstruktur von Sklereiden in einigen Baumrinden. Protoplasma 85: 305–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Parameswaran, N.; Kruse, J.; Liese, W. 1975: Aufbau und Reinstruktur von Periderm und Lentizellen der Fichtenrinde. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 77(3): 212–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Parameswaran, N.; Liese, W. 1976: On the fine structure of bamboo fibers. Wood Sci. Technol. 10: 231–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Parameswaran, N.; Liese, W. 1979: Crystal-containing walls of spicular cells in Welwitchia. IAWA Bull. 1979/4: 87–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, R. N. 1975: Bark anatomy of radiata pine, Corsican pine, and Douglas fir grown in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Bot. 13(2): 149–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Robards, A. W.; Jackson, S. M.; Clarkson, D. T.; Sanderson, J. 1973: The structure of barley roots in relation to the transport of ions into the stele. Protoplasma 77: 291–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Roelofsen, P. A. 1959: The Plant Cell Wall. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie III (4). Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitte, P. 1955: Der Feinbau verkorkter Zellwände. Mikroskopie 10: 178–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitte, P. 1957: Der Feinbau der Kork-Zellwände. In: E. Treiber (Ed.): Die Chemie der Pflanzenzellwand. pp. 421–432. Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg: Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitte, P. 1959: Mischkörperdoppelbrechung der Kork-Zellwände. Naturwiss. 46(8): 260–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitte, P. 1962: Zum Feinbau der Suberinschichten in Flaschenkork. Protoplasma 54(9): 555–559

    Google Scholar 

  • von Wisselingh, C. 1925: Die Zellmembran. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie. III (2). Berlin: Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • von Höhnel, F. 1877: Über den Kork und verkorkte Gewebe überhaupt. Sitz-Ber. Wiener Akad. Wiss. 76(1): 507–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Wattendorff, J. 1969: Feinbau und Entwicklung der verkorkten Calciumoxalat-Kristallzellen in der Rinde von Larix decidua Mill. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 60: 307–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Wattendorff, J. 1974a: The formation of cork cells in the periderm of Acacia senegal Willd. and their ultrastructure during suberin deposition. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 72: 119–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Wattendorff, J. 1974b: Ultrahistochemical reactions of the suberized cell walls in Acorus Acacia, and Larix. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 73: 214–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Wattendorff, J.; Schmid, H. 1973: Prüfung auf perjodatreaktive Feinstrukturen in den suberinisierten Kristallzell-Wänden der Rinde von Larix und Picea. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 68: 422–431

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Station, Sidney, B.C.

    S. E. Godkin

  2. Forest Products Laboratory, University of California, Richmond, Cal.

    G. A. Grozdits

  3. Forintek, Eastern Forest Products Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario

    C. T. Keith

Authors
  1. S. E. Godkin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. A. Grozdits
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. T. Keith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Unless otherwise noted material was fixed with Karnovsky's fixative and postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Godkin, S.E., Grozdits, G.A. & Keith, C.T. The periderms of three north American conifers. Wood Sci. Technol. 17, 13–30 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351829

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351829

Keywords

Search

Navigation