Soil pH changes during legume growth and application of plant material

Abstract

During cultivation of legumes soil is acidified due to proton release from roots. As a consequence of proton release, plants accumulate organic anions which may, if returned and decomposed in the soil, neutralize the soil acids. Until now the detailed processes responsible for the change in soil pH after incorporation of plant material have not been completely understood. Using a pot experiment we studied the changes in acid and base in soil during growth of field beans (Vicia faba L. cv. Alfred) and after incorporation of the plant material into the soil. Soil pH was significantly decreased by field beans from 6.00 to 5.64 in a cultivation period of 45 days. Proton release amounted to 32.7 mmol H⁺ pot^-1, which was approximately equivalent to the accumulated alkalinity in the plant shoots (34.4 mmol). Return of field bean shoots caused a significant soil pH increase from 5.64 to 6.29. Within 7 days more than 90% of the added alkalinity was released. After 307 days incubation, soil pH decreased to 5.86 due to nitrification. In a second experiment, maize leaves (Zea mays L.), containing various concentrations of nitrogen and at various alkalinities, were incorporated into the soil. Soil pH change was positively correlated to alkalinity and malate concentration and negatively correlated to total nitrogen and water-soluble organic nitrogen of incorporated leaves. It is concluded that the soil acidification caused by legume cultivation can be partly compensated for if crop residues are returned to the soil. Addition of plant material may initially cause an increase in soil pH due to decomposition of organic anions and organic nitrogen. Soil pH may decrease if nitrification is involved. The concentrations of nitrogen and alkalinity of added plant material are decisive factors controlling soil pH change after incorporation of plant material.