Summary
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy has become an established procedure for urologic surgery. For the stone which is poorly accessible or of large volume, special approaches and techniques are essential for success. For example, exact anatomical conceptualization and pinpoint puncture are vital. These requirements are aided by retrograde hyperinflation with contrast medium and C-arm fluoroscopy. Sometimes multiple percutaneous nephrostomy tracts are required or the tract must be directed so that it courses transpleurally. Among the large number of instruments available for percutaneous nephrostomy, flexible endoscopy becomes increasingly important for the difficult stone. Intrarenal electrosurgery is also important. Finally, for ureteral stones, retrograde flushing with CO2 or saline through a percutaneous sheath may be useful. These additional approaches when judiciously applied can result in a stone-free status for virtually 100% of patients.
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Hulbert, J.C., Lange, P.H. The percutaneous removal of difficult upper urinary tract calculi. World J Urol 3, 19–23 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00326882
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00326882