Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Extraction techniques in speciation analysis of environmental samples

  • Lectures And Posters
  • Published:
Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

One of the main problems in speciation analysis is that the different species of metals are present in complex matrices at very low concentration levels. Thus it is almost always necessary to separate the analytes of concern from the matrix and to concentrate them up to detectable concentration levels. Special care should be paid during extraction in order to avoid any contamination of samples, losses and changes in speciation of analytes of concern. The most common extraction techniques for speciation analysis of Pb, Sn, Hg, Cr, As, Se and Sb in liquid and solid samples are presented and briefly discussed. Due to the large quantity of material to be covered, speciation of alkyl, aryl, and macromolecular compounds (porphyrines, thioneines, etc.) has not been taken into account.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Dauchy X, Potin-Gautier M, Astruc A, Astruc M (1994) Fresenius J Anal Chem 348:729–805

    Google Scholar 

  2. Munoz Olivas R, Donard OFX, Camara C, Quevauviller P (1994) Anal Chim Acta 286:357–370

    Google Scholar 

  3. Amran B, Lagarde F, Leroy MJF, Lamotte A, Demesmay C, Ollé M, Albert M, Rauret G, Lopez-Sanchez JF (in press) In: Quevauviller Ph, Maier E, Griepink B (eds) Arsenic speciation in environmental analysis. In: Method validation in environmental analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam

  4. Cullen WR, Reimer KJ (1989) Chem Rev 89:713–764

    Google Scholar 

  5. Howard AG, Comber DW (1992) Mikrochim Acta 109:27–34

    Google Scholar 

  6. Larsen EH, Hansen SH (1992) Mikrochim Acta 109:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  7. de Bettencourt AMM, Florencio MHFS, Vilas-Boas LF (1992) Mikrochim Acta 109:53–60

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fukui S, Hirayama T, Nohara M, Sakagami Y (1981) Talanta 28:402–404

    Google Scholar 

  9. Fukui S, Hirayama T, Nohara M, Sakagami Y (1981) Talanta 30:89–93

    Google Scholar 

  10. Paudyn A, Van Loon JC (1986) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 325:369–376

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zolotov YuA, Bodnya VA, Zagruzina AN (1982) CRC Critical Rev Anal Chem 14:93–174

    Google Scholar 

  12. Chiavarini S, Cremisini C, Ferri T, Morabito R, Perini A (1991) Sci Tot Environ 101:217–227

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ochsenckuhn-Petropoulou M, Poulea G, Parissakis G (1992) Mikrochim Acta 109:93–99

    Google Scholar 

  14. Meinema HA, Burger-Wiersma T, Versluis-de Haan G, Gevers EC (1978) Environ Sci Technol 12:288–293

    Google Scholar 

  15. Radojevic M, Allen S, Rapsomanikis S, Harrison RM (1986) Anal Chem 58:658–661

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lobinski R, Dirkx WMR, Szpunar-Lobinska J, Adams FC (1994) Anal Chim Acta 286:381–390

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mikac N, Branica M (1992) Anal Chim Acta 264:249–258

    Google Scholar 

  18. Van Cleuvenbergen RJA, Adams FC (1992) Environ Sci Technol 26:1354–1360

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lobinski R, Adams FC (1992) Anal Chim Acta 262:285–297

    Google Scholar 

  20. Chakraborti D, Dirkx WMR, Van Cleuvenbergen RJA, Adams FC (1989) Sci Total Environ 84:249–257

    Google Scholar 

  21. Harrison RM, Radojevic M (1985) Environ Technol Lett 6:129–136

    Google Scholar 

  22. Harrison RM, Radojevic M, Wilson SJ (1986) Sci Total Environ 50:129–137

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chakraborti D, Van Cleuvenbergen RJA, Adams FC (1986) Environ Sci Technol 20:589–593

    Google Scholar 

  24. Radojevic M, Harrison RM (1986) Environ Technol Lett 7:519–524

    Google Scholar 

  25. Astruc Ac, Astruc M, Pinel R, Potin-Gautier M (1992) Appl Organomet Chem 6:39–47

    Google Scholar 

  26. Caricchia AM, Chiavarini S, Cremisini C, Morabito R, Ubaldi C (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 53:37–52

    Google Scholar 

  27. Caricchia AM, Chiavarini S, Cremisini C, Fantini M, Morabito R (1992) Sci Tot Environ 121:133–144

    Google Scholar 

  28. Tolosa I, Bayona JM, Albaiges J, Alencastro LF, Tarradellas J (1991) Fresenius J Anal Chem 339:646–653

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chau YK, Zhang S, Maguire RJ (1992) Analyst 117:1161–1164

    Google Scholar 

  30. Harino H, Fukushima M, Tanaka M (1992) Anal Chim Acta 264:91–96

    Google Scholar 

  31. Morabito R, Chiavarini S, Cremisini (in press) In: Quevauviller Ph, Maier E, Griepink B (eds) GC-MS for the speciation of organotin compounds in environmental samples. In: Method validation in environmental analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam

  32. Quevauviller Ph, Donard OFX, Maier EA, Griepink B (1992) Mikrochim Acta 109:169–190

    Google Scholar 

  33. Vercoutere K, Cornelis C (in press) In: Quevauviller P, Maier E, Griepink B (eds) Chromium speciation in environmental and biological samples. In: Method validation in environmental analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam

  34. Dyg S, Cornelis R, Griepink B, Quevauviller Ph (1994) Anal Chim Acta 286:297–308

    Google Scholar 

  35. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA-600/4-79-020 Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati (1983)

  36. Beceiro-Gonzales E, Barciela-Garcia J, Bermejo-Barrera P, Bermejo-Barrera A (1992) Fresenius J Anal Chem 344:301–305

    Google Scholar 

  37. Zolotov YuA, Malofeeva GI, Petrukhin OM, Timerbaev A (1987) Pure Appl Chem 59:497–504

    Google Scholar 

  38. Rubio R, Sahuquillo A, Rauret G, Quevauviller Ph (1992) Int J Environ Anal Chem 47:99–128

    Google Scholar 

  39. Dilli S, Sutikno I (1984) J Chromatogr 300:265–301

    Google Scholar 

  40. Olsen KB, Sklarew DS, Evans JC (1985) Spectrochim Acta 40B:357–365

    Google Scholar 

  41. Al-Attar AF, Nickless G (1990) Analyst 115:1441–1446

    Google Scholar 

  42. Nakaguchi Y, Hirachi K, Tamari Y, Fukunaga Y, Nihikawa Y, Shigematsu T (1985) Anal Sci 1:247–252

    Google Scholar 

  43. Tamari Y, Hirai R, Tsuji H, Kusaka Y (1987) Anal Sci 3:313–317

    Google Scholar 

  44. Sato S, Uchikawa S (1986) Anal Sci 2:47–51

    Google Scholar 

  45. Sato S (1985) Talanta 32:341–344

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sun H, Shan X, Ni Z (1982) Talanta 29:589–593

    Google Scholar 

  47. de la Calle-Guntinas, Madrid Y, Camara C (1991) Anal Chim Acta 247:7–11

    Google Scholar 

  48. de la Calle-Guntinas, Madrid Y, Camara C (1992) Microchim Acta 109:149–155

    Google Scholar 

  49. de la Calle-Guntinas, Madrid Y, Camara C (in press) In: Quevauviller Ph, Maier E, Griepink B (eds) Antimony speciation in water. In: Method validation in environmental analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam

  50. Mok WM, Shah NK, Wai CM (1986) Anal Chem 58:110–113

    Google Scholar 

  51. Chakraborti D, Irgolic KJ, Adams FC (1984) J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67:277–280

    Google Scholar 

  52. Chakraborti D, Adams FC, Irgolic KJ (1986) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 323:340–342

    Google Scholar 

  53. Puttemans F, Massart DL (1982) Anal Chim Acta 141:225–232

    Google Scholar 

  54. Amankwah SA, Fasching JL (1985) Talanta 32:111–114

    Google Scholar 

  55. YU JJ, Wai CM (1991) Anal Chem 63:842–845

    Google Scholar 

  56. Mok WM, Wai CM (1987) Anal Chem 59:233–236

    Google Scholar 

  57. Wells DE (1992) Mikrochim Acta 109:13–21

    Google Scholar 

  58. Stoeppler M, Burow M, May K, Padberg S, Kloster G (1992) Mikrochim Acta 109:107–110

    Google Scholar 

  59. Chiavarini S, Cremisini C, Ferri T, Morabito R, Ubaldi C (1992) Appl Organomet Chem 6:147–153

    Google Scholar 

  60. Evans O, Jacobs BJ, Cohen AL (1991) Analyst 116:15–19

    Google Scholar 

  61. Dirkx WMR, Lobinski R, Adams FC (1994) Anal Chim Acta 286:309–318

    Google Scholar 

  62. Muller MD (1987) Anal Chem 59:617–623

    Google Scholar 

  63. Fent K, Muller MD (1991) Environ Sci Technol 25:489–493

    Google Scholar 

  64. Fent K, Hunn J (1991) Environ Sci Technol 25:956–963

    Google Scholar 

  65. Szpunar-Lobinski J, Ceulemans M, Lobinski R, Adams FC (1993) Anal Chim Acta 278:99–113

    Google Scholar 

  66. Companò R, Granados M, Leal C, Prat MD (1993) Anal Chim Acta 283:272–279

    Google Scholar 

  67. Campanella L, Ferri T, Morabito R (1989) Analusis 17:507–513

    Google Scholar 

  68. Blotcky AJ, Hansen GT, Borkar N, Ebrahim A, Rack EP (1987) Anal Chem 59:2063–2066

    Google Scholar 

  69. Blotcky AJ, Ebrahim A, Rack EP (1988) Anal Chem 60:2734–2737

    Google Scholar 

  70. Tanzer D, Heumann KG (1991) Anal Chem 63:1984–1989

    Google Scholar 

  71. Nahapetian AT, Janghorbani M, Young VR (1983) J Nutr 113:401–411

    Google Scholar 

  72. Nahapetian AT, Young VR, Janghorbani M (1984) Anal Biochem 140:56–62

    Google Scholar 

  73. Oyamada N, Ishizaki M (1986) Anal Sci 2:365–369

    Google Scholar 

  74. Nakayama M, Chikuma M, Tanaka H, Tanaka T (1983) Talanta 30:455–458

    Google Scholar 

  75. Nakayama M, Itoh K, Chikuma M, Sakurai H, Tanaka H (1984) Talanta 31:269–274

    Google Scholar 

  76. Terada K, Matsumoto K, Inaba T (1984) Anal Chim Acta 158:207–215

    Google Scholar 

  77. Howard AG, Volkan M, Ataman DY (1987) Analyst 112:159–162

    Google Scholar 

  78. Van Elteren JT, Gruter GJM, Das HA, Brinkman UATh (1990) Int J Environ Anal Chem 43:41–54

    Google Scholar 

  79. Quevauviller Ph, Donard OFX (1991) Fresenius J Anal Chem 339:6–14

    Google Scholar 

  80. Van Cleuvenbergen RJA, Dirkx W, Quevauviller Ph, Adams FC (1992) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 47:21–32

    Google Scholar 

  81. Caricchia AM, Chiavarini S, Cremisini C, Morabito R, Scerbo R (1994) Anal Chim Acta 286:329–334

    Google Scholar 

  82. Cheam V, Agemian H (1980) Analyst 105:737–743

    Google Scholar 

  83. Aggett J, Kriegman MR (1987) Analyst 112:153–157

    Google Scholar 

  84. Valkirs AO, Seligman PF, Olson GJ, Mathias CL, Bellama JM (1987) Analyst 112:17–21

    Google Scholar 

  85. Blais JS, Marshall WD (1986) J Environ Qual 15:255–260

    Google Scholar 

  86. Van Cleuvenbergen RJA, Chakraborti D, Adams FC (1986) Anal Chim Acta 182:239–244

    Google Scholar 

  87. Van Cleuvenbergen RJA, Dirkx W, Quevauviller Ph, Adams FC (1992) Int J Environ Anal Chem 47:21–32

    Google Scholar 

  88. Ure AM (1990) Fresenius J Anal Chem 337:577–581

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ure AM, Quevauviller Ph, Muntau H, Griepink B (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:135–151

    Google Scholar 

  90. Ure AM, Davidson CM, Thomas RP (in press) In: Quevauviller Ph, Maier E, Griepink B (eds) Single and sequential extraction schemes for trace metal speciation in soil and sediment. In: Method validation in environmental analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam

  91. Ure AM, Thomas RP, Littlejohn D (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:65–84

    Google Scholar 

  92. Tessier A, Campbell PGC, Bisson M (1979) Anal Chem 51:844–851

    Google Scholar 

  93. Petruzzelli G, Lubrano L, Guidi G (1989) Plant and Soil 116:23–27

    Google Scholar 

  94. Del Castilho P, Rix I (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:59–64

    Google Scholar 

  95. Novozamsky I, Lexmond ThM, Houba VJG (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:47–58

    Google Scholar 

  96. Houba VJG, van der Lee JJ, Novozamsky I (1991) Analusis 19:i45-i49

    Google Scholar 

  97. van Er PJ, van Lune P (1989) Plant Soil 116:119–122

    Google Scholar 

  98. Whitten MC, Ritchie GSP (1991) Aust J Soil Res 29:215–221

    Google Scholar 

  99. Houba VJG, Novozamsky I, Lexmond ThM, van der Lee JJ (1990) Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 21:2281–2290

    Google Scholar 

  100. Crosland AR, McGrath SP, Lane PW (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:153–160

    Google Scholar 

  101. Latouche C, Dumon JC, Lavaux G, Pedemay Ph (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:177–185

    Google Scholar 

  102. Forstner U (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:5–23

    Google Scholar 

  103. Kersten M, Forstner U (1986) Water Sci Technol 18:121–130

    Google Scholar 

  104. Vidal M, Rauret G (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:85–95

    Google Scholar 

  105. Calvet R, Bourgeois S, Msaky JJ (1990) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 39:31–45

    Google Scholar 

  106. Hirner AV (1992) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 46:77–85

    Google Scholar 

  107. Hirner AV, Kritsotakis K, Tobschall HJ (1990) Appl Geochem 5:491–505

    Google Scholar 

  108. Orsini L, Bermond A (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:97–108

    Google Scholar 

  109. Beckett PHT (1989) Adv Soil Sci 9:144–175

    Google Scholar 

  110. Vieira JM, Domingues H, Mesquita ME (1993) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 51:109–112

    Google Scholar 

  111. Rapin F, Tessier A, Campbell PGC, Carignan R (1986) Environ Sci Technol 20:836–840

    Google Scholar 

  112. Rauret G, Rubio R, Lopez-Sanchez JF, Casassas E (1989) Int J Environ Anal Chem 35:89–100

    Google Scholar 

  113. Rauret G, Rubio R, Lopez-Sanchez JF (1989) Int J Environ Anal Chem 36:69–83

    Google Scholar 

  114. Lopez-Sanchez JF, Rubio R, Rauret G (1993) Int J Environ Anal Chem 51:113–121

    Google Scholar 

  115. Legret M (1993) Int J Environ Anal Chem 51:161–165

    Google Scholar 

  116. Tack FMG, Verloo MG (1993) Int J Environ Anal Chem 51:167–175

    Google Scholar 

  117. Wallmann K, Kersten M, Gruber J, Forstner U (1993) Int J Environ Anal Chem 51:187–200

    Google Scholar 

  118. Legret M, Divet L, Juste C (1988) Wat Res 22:953–959

    Google Scholar 

  119. Tessier A, Campbell PGC, Auclair JC (1984) Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41:1463–1472

    Google Scholar 

  120. Tessier A, Campbell PGC (1987) Hydrobiologia 149:43–52

    Google Scholar 

  121. Dudka S, Chlopecka A (1990) Water, Air and Soil Pollut 51:153–160

    Google Scholar 

  122. Forstner U, Wittman GTW (1981) Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  123. Salomons W, Forstner U (1984) Metals in the hydrocycle. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  124. Kersten M, Forstner U (1989) In: Batley GE (ed) Speciation of trace elements in sediments. In: Trace element speciation: analytical methods and problems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 245–318

    Google Scholar 

  125. Elliott HA, Dempsey BA, Maille PJ (1990) J Environ Qual 19:330–334

    Google Scholar 

  126. Rauret G, Quevauviller Ph (eds) (1993) Proceedings of the workshop on the sequential extraction of trace metals in soils and sediments. Int J Environ Anal Chem 51:no 1–4 (special issue)

  127. Kheboian C, Bauer CF (1987) Anal Chem 59:1417–1423

    Google Scholar 

  128. Nirel PMV, Morel FMM (1990) Wat Res 24:1055–1056

    Google Scholar 

  129. Bauer CF, Kheboian C (1988) Anal Chem 60:1477

    Google Scholar 

  130. Tessier A, Campbell PGC (1988) Anal Chem 60:1475–1476

    Google Scholar 

  131. Tessier A, Campbell PGC (1991) Wat Res 25:115–117

    Google Scholar 

  132. Belzile N, Lecomte P, Tessier A (1989) Environ Sci Technol 23:1015–1020

    Google Scholar 

  133. Van Cleuvenbergen RJA, Chakraborti D, Adams FC (1990) Anal Chim Acta 228:77–84

    Google Scholar 

  134. Forsyth DS, Marshall WD (1986) Environ Sci Technol 20:1033–1038

    Google Scholar 

  135. Krishan K, Marshall WD (1988) Environ Sci Technol 22:1038–1043

    Google Scholar 

  136. Krishan K, Marshall WD, Hatch WI (1988) Environ Sci Technol 22:806–811

    Google Scholar 

  137. Karlson U, Frankerberger WT (1986) Anal Chem 58:2704–2708

    Google Scholar 

  138. Mehra HC, Frankenberger WT (1988) Chromatographia 25:585–588

    Google Scholar 

  139. McGeehan SL, Naylor DV (1982) J Environ Qual 21:68–73

    Google Scholar 

  140. Cutter GA (1985) Anal Chem 57:2951–2955

    Google Scholar 

  141. Fio JL, Fuji R (1990) Soil Sci Soc Am J 54:363–369

    Google Scholar 

  142. Ericzon C, Pettersson J, Andersson M, Olin A (1989) Environ Sci Technol 23:1524–1528

    Google Scholar 

  143. Berman SS, Siu KWM, Maxwell PS, Beauchemin D, Clancy VP (1989) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 333:641–644

    Google Scholar 

  144. Jiang G, Ni Z, Wang S, Han H (1989) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 334:27–30

    Google Scholar 

  145. Bulska E, Baxter DC, Frech W (1991) Anal Chim Acta 249:545–554

    Google Scholar 

  146. Horvat M (1991) Water, Air and Soil Pollut 56:95–102

    Google Scholar 

  147. Takunori K, Takashi U, Akio Y, Masatoshi MJ (1992) J Anal At Spectrom 7:15–18

    Google Scholar 

  148. Fischer R, Rapsomanikis S, Andreae MO (1993) Anal Chem 65:763–766

    Google Scholar 

  149. Filippelli M, Baldi F, Brinckman FE, Olson GJ (1992) Environ Sci Technol 26:1457–1460

    Google Scholar 

  150. Hight SC (1987) J Assoc Off Anal Chem 70:667–672

    Google Scholar 

  151. Horvat M, Byrne AR, May K (1990) Talanta 37:207–212

    Google Scholar 

  152. Liang L, Horvat M, Bloom NS (1994) Talanta 41:371–379

    Google Scholar 

  153. Horvat M, Bloom NS, Liang L (1993) Anal Chim Acta 281:135–152

    Google Scholar 

  154. Matthias CL, Bushong SJ, Hall LW Jr, Bellama JM, Brinckman FE (1988) Appl Organomet Chem 2:547–552

    Google Scholar 

  155. Ashby JR, Craig PJ (1991) Appl Organomet Chem 5:173–181

    Google Scholar 

  156. Lobinski R, Dirkx WMR, Ceulemans M, Adams FC (1992) Anal Chem 64:159–165

    Google Scholar 

  157. Siu KWM, Maxwell PS, Berman SS (1989) J Chromatogr 475:373–379

    Google Scholar 

  158. Martin-Landa I, Pablos F, Marr IL (1991) Appl Organomet Chem 5:399–407

    Google Scholar 

  159. Stallard MO, Cola SY, Dooley CA (1989) Appl Organomet Chem 3:105–113

    Google Scholar 

  160. Desauziers V, Leguille F, Lavigne R, Astruc M, Pinel R (1989) Appl Organomet Chem 3:469–474

    Google Scholar 

  161. Sasaki K, Ishizaka T, Suzuki T, Saito Y (1988) J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71:360–363

    Google Scholar 

  162. Rice CD, Espourteille FA, Huggett RJ (1987) Appl Organomet Chem 1:541–544

    Google Scholar 

  163. Siu KWM, Gardner GJ, Berman SS (1989) Anal Chem 61:2320–2322

    Google Scholar 

  164. Short JW, Thrower FP (1986) Mar Pollut Bull 17:542–545

    Google Scholar 

  165. Randall L, Han JS, Weber JH (1986) Environ Technol Lett 7:571–576

    Google Scholar 

  166. Stephenson MD, Smith DR (1988) Anal Chem 60:696–698

    Google Scholar 

  167. Tsuda T, Wada M, Aoki S, Matsui Y (1988) J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71:373–374

    Google Scholar 

  168. Zhang S, Chau YK, Li WC, Chau ASY (1991) Appl Organomet Chem 5:431–434

    Google Scholar 

  169. Stab JA, Cofino WP, Van Hattum B, Brinkman UATh (1994) Anal Chim Acta 286:335–341

    Google Scholar 

  170. Martin FM, Tseng CM, Belin C, Quevauviller Ph, Donard OFX (1994) Anal Chim Acta 286:343–355

    Google Scholar 

  171. Ashby JR, Craig PJ (1989) Sci Total Environ 78:219–232

    Google Scholar 

  172. Matthias CL, Bellama JM, Olson GJ, Brinkman FE (1989) Int J Environ Anal Chem 35:61–68

    Google Scholar 

  173. Han JS, Weber JH (1988) Anal Chem 60:316–319

    Google Scholar 

  174. Haraguchi H, Takatsu A (1987) Spectrochim Acta 42:235–241

    Google Scholar 

  175. Ficklin WH (1990) Talanta 8:831–834

    Google Scholar 

  176. Moore JN, Ficklin WH, Johns C (1988) Environ Sci Technol 22:432–437

    Google Scholar 

  177. Iverson DG, Anderson MA, Holm TR, Stanforth RR (1979) Environ Sci Technol 13:1491

    Google Scholar 

  178. Bayona JM (in press) In: Quevauviller Ph, Maier E, Griepink B (eds) Development of supercritical fluid extraction procedures for the determination of butyl- and phenyltin compounds in sediment. In: Method validation in environmental analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam

  179. Dachs J, Alzaga R, Bayona JM (1994) Anal Chim Acta 286:319–327

    Google Scholar 

  180. Oudsema JW, Poole CF (1992) Fresenius J Anal Chem 344:426–434

    Google Scholar 

  181. Liu Y, Lopez-Avila V, Alcaraz M, Beckert WF (1993) J High Resolut Chromatogr 16:106–112

    Google Scholar 

  182. Dachs J, Bayona JM (1993) J Chromatogr 636:277–283

    Google Scholar 

  183. Alzaga R, Bayona JM (1993) J Chromatogr 655:51–56

    Google Scholar 

  184. Cai Y, Alzaga R, Bayona JM (1994) Anal Chem 66:1161–1167

    Google Scholar 

  185. Bayona JM, Cai Y (1994) Trends Anal Chem 13:327–332

    Google Scholar 

  186. Quevauviller Ph, Maier EA, Griepink B (in press) In: Quevauviller Ph, Maier E, Griepink B (eds) Quality assurance of environmental analyses. In: Method validation in environmental analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam

  187. Quevauviller Ph, Astruc M, Ebdon L, Framer GN, Griepink B (1993) The certification of the contents (mass fractions) of tributyltin and dibutyltin in coastal sediment (CRM 462) Doc BCR/029/93

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Department, ENEA Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00060, Rome, Italy

    R. Morabito

Authors
  1. R. Morabito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Morabito, R. Extraction techniques in speciation analysis of environmental samples. Fresenius J Anal Chem 351, 378–385 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00322906

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00322906

Keywords

Search

Navigation