Summary
The onset of myotome formation in somites of chick embryos was studied by use of a polyclonal antidesmin antibody and by histochemical demonstration of acetylcholine esterase activity. The myotome cells originate from the dermatome only; sclerotome cells do not contribute to the myotome. The formation of the myotome starts in the craniomedial corner of the dermatome. From there the myotome formation continues simultaneously along the medial and the cranial edge of the dermatome. It was found that only the already longitudinally oriented cells of the cranial dermatome edge give rise to the myotome; the cells of the dorsomedial dermatome edge do not contribute to the myotome. Myotome cells do not originate directly from the surface of the overlying dermatome by delamination.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bachmann P (1980) Motility, linear arrangement and cell-to-cell contact of myogenic cells prior to fusion. Cell Tissue Res 206:431–440
Baljet B, Drukker J (1975) An acetylcholinesterase method for in toto staining of peripheral nerves. Stain Technol 50:31–36
Bellairs R (1963) The development of the somites in the chick embryo. J Embryol Exp Morphol 11:697–714
Bellairs R (1979) The mechanism of somite segmentation in the chick embryo. J Embryol Exp Morphol 51:227–243
Bellairs R (1985) A new theory about somite formation in the chick. In: Lash JW, Saxen L (eds) Development mechanisms: normal and abnormal. AR Liss Inc, New York, pp 22–44
Boyd JD (1960) Development of striated muscle. In: Bourne GH (ed) Structure and function of muscle, vol I. Academic Press, New York, pp 63–85
Crewther WG, Dowling LM, Steinert PM, Parry DAD (1983) The structure of intermediate filaments. Int J Biol Macromol 5:267–274
Christ B, Jacob HJ, Jacob M (1972) Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Somiten beim Hühnerembryo. Z Anat Entwickl Gesch 138:82–97
Christ B, Jacob HJ, Jacob M (1974) Die Somitogenese beim Hühnerembryo. Zur Determination der Segmentierungsrichtung. Verh Anat Ges 68:573–579
Christ B, Jacob HJ, Jacob M (1975) Autoradiographische Untersuchungen zur Somitenenstehung beim Hühnerembryo. Verh Anat Ges 69:259–261
Christ B, Jacob HJ, Jacob M (1977) Experimental analysis of the origin of the wing musculature in avian embryos. Anat Embryol 150:171–186
Christ B, Jacob HJ, Jacob M (1978) On the formation of the myotomes in avian embryos. An experimental and scanning electron microscope study. Experientia 34:514–516
Christ B, Jacob HJ, Jacob M (1979) Über Gestaltungsfunktionen der Somiten bei der Entwicklung der Körperwand von Hühnerembryonen. Verh Anat Ges 73:509–518
Christ B, Jacob M, Jacob HJ (1983) On the origin and development of the ventrolateral abdominal muscles in the avian embryo. An experimental and ultrastructutural study. Anat Embryol 166:87–101
Christ B, Jacob HJ (1986) Morphogenese, Musterbildung und Zellmigration als Teilprozesse der Extremitätenentwicklung bei Amniotenembryonen. Eine Synopse experimenteller Befunde. Verh Anat Ges 80:115–126
Dienstman SR, Biehl J, Holtzer S, Holtzer H (1974) Myogenic and chondrogenic lineages in developing limb buds grown in vitro. Dev Biol 39:83–95
Drews U (1975) Cholinesterase in embryonic development. Progr Histochem Cytochem, vol 7, no 3 Graumann W, Lojda Z, Pearse AGE, Schiebler TH (eds) Gustav Fischer. Stuttgart, pp 18–19 and 38–39
Drews U, Kussäther E, Usadel KH (1967) Histochemischer Nachweis der Cholinesterase in der Früthentwicklung der Hühnerkeimscheibe. Histochemie 8:65–89
Ede DA, El-Gadi AO (1986) Genetic modifications of developmental acts in chick and mouse somite development. In: Bellairs R, Ede DA, Lash JW (eds) Somites in developing embryos, NATO ASI Series, vol 119. Plenum Press, New York London, pp 209–224
Engert H (1900) Die Entwicklung der ventralen Rumpfmuskulatur bei Vögeln. Morphol Jb 29:169–185
Fujimoto T, Singer SJ (1986) Immunocytochemical studies of endothelial cells in vivo. I. The presence of desmin only, or of desmin plus vimentin, or vimentin only, in the endothelial cells of different capillaries of the adult chicken. J Cell Biol 103:2775–2786
Gard DL, Lazarides E (1980) The synthesis and distribution of desmin and vimentin during myogenesis in vitro. Cell 19:263–275
Granger BL, Lazarides E (1978) The existence of an insoluble Z disc scaffold in chicken skeletal muscle. Cell 15:1253–1268
Hamburger V, Hamilton HL (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick. J Morphol 88:49–92
Hamilton HL (1965) Lillie's development of the chick. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp 226–237
Hay ED (1968) Organization and fine structure of epithelium and mesenchyme in the developing chick embryo. In: Flinchmajer B, Billingham RE (eds) Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 31–55
Hinrichsen K, Mestres P (1979) Zur Myogenese im Somiten. Verh Anat Ges 73:491–500
His W (1868) Untersuchungen über die ersten Anlagen des Wirbeltierleibes. Die erste Entwicklung des Hühnchens im Ei. Verlag von FCW Vogel, Leipzig, pp 164–166
Holtzer H, Sasse J, Antin P, Tokunaka S, Pacifici M, Horwitz A, Holtzer S (1984) Lineages, DNA synthesis, postmitotic myoblasts, and myofibrillogenesis. In: Wolsky A (ed) Experimental biology and medicine, vol. 9. Karger, Basel, pp 126–134
Jacob M, Christ B, Jacob HJ (1978) On the migration of myogenic stem cells into the prospective wing region of chick embryos. Anat Embryol 153:179–193
Jacob M, Christ B, Jacob JH (1979) The migration of myogenic cells from the somite into the leg region of avian embryos. Anat Embryol 157:291–309
Jacob M, Wachtler F, Jacob HJ, Christ B (1986) On the problem of metamerism in the head mesenchym of chick embryos. In: Bellairs R, Ede DA, Lash JW (eds) Somites in developing embryos, NATO ASI Series, vol 119. Plenum Press, New York London, pp 79–89
Karnovsky MJ, Roots L (1964) A direct-coloring thiocholine method for cholinesterases. J Histochem Cytochem 12:219–221
Kenny-Mobbs R, Thorogood P (1986) Tissue interactions in the development of skeletal muscle in the brachial region of avian embryos. In: Christ B, Čihák R (eds) Development and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Karger, Basel, pp 47–64
Kussäther E, Usadel KH, Drews U (1967) Cholinesterase Aktivität bei der Entstehung und Auflösung der Somiten des Hühnchens. Histochemie 8:237–247
Langman J, Nelson BR (1968) An autoradiographic study of the development of the somite in the chick embryo. J Embryol Exp Morphol 19:217–226
Lazarides E, Hubbard BD (1976) Immunological characterization of the subunit of the 100 Å filaments from muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:4344–4348
Lazarides E, Balzer Dr Jr (1978) Specificity of desmin to avian and mammalian muscle cells. Cell 14:429–438
Lazarides E (1982) Intermediate filaments: a chemically heterogeneous, developmentally regulated class of proteins. Ann Rev Biochem 51:219–250
Lazarides E, Granger BL, Gard DL, O'Connor CM, Breckler J, Price M, Danto SI (1982) Desmin — and vimentin-containing filaments and their role in the assembly of the Z disk in muscle cells. In: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (ed) CSH Symposia on Quantitative Biology XL VI, Organization of the cytoplasm. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp 351–378
Meier S (1979) Development of the chick embryo mesoblast: formation of the embryonic axis and establishment of metameric pattern. Dev Biol 73:25–45
Mestres P, Hinrichsen K (1976) Zur Histogenese des Somiten beim Hühnchen. J Embryol Exp Morphol 36:669–683
Miki A, Mizoguti H (1982) Acetylcholinesterase activity in the myotome of the early chick embryo. Cell Tiss Res 227:23–40
Packard DS, Meier S (1983) An experimental study of the somitomeric organization in the avian segmental plate. Dev Biol 97:191–202
Peng HB, Wolosewick JJ, Charg PC (1981) The development of myofibrils in cultured muscle cells: a whole-mount and thinsection electron microscopic study. Dev Biol 88:121–136
Rabl C (1888) Über die Differenzierung des Mesoderms. Verh Anat Ges 2:140–146
Remak R (1855) Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der Wirbelthiere. G. Reimer, Berlin, pp 40–48
Rickmann M, Fawcett JW, Keynes RJ (1985) The migration of neural crest cells and the growth of motor axons through the rostral half of the chick somite. J Embryol Exp Morphol 90:437–455
Steinert PM, Jones JCR, Goldman RD (1984) Intermediate filaments. J Cell Biol 99:22s-27s
Steinert PM, Steven AS, Roop DR (1985) The molecular biology of intermediate filaments. Cell 42:411–419
Tam PPL, Beddington RSP (1987) The formation of mesodermal tissues in the mouse embryo during gastrulation and early organogenesis. Development 99:109–126
Wachtler F, Christ B, Jacob HJ (1982) Grafting experiments on determination and migratory behaviour of presomitic, somitic and somatopleural cells in avian embryos. Anat Embryol 164:369–378
Weber K, Geisler N (1984) Intermediate filaments — from woolkeratin to neurofilaments: a structural overview. In: Levine AJ, Van de Woude GF, Topp WC, Watson JD (eds) Cancer Cells 1, The transformed phenotype. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp 153–159
Williams LW (1910) The somites of the chick. Am J Anat 11:55–100
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Dedicated to Professor Dr. T.H. Schiebler, Würzburg, on the occasion of his 65th birthday
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaehn, K., Jacob, H.J., Christ, B. et al. The onset of myotome formation in the chick. Anat Embryol 177, 191–201 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00321131
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00321131