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Oogenesis and larval development of Scypha ciliata (Porifera, Calcarea)

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Summary

Scypha ciliata is a syconoid sponge. Its oocytes differentiate from choanocytes located near the apopyle of a flagellated chamber, and initially they remain in that location, in a trophic complex with neighbouring choanocytes. When this first growth phase is completed, the oocyte migrates to the periphery of the sponge. There it undergoes a second growth phase, in which it phagocytizes choanocytes and mesenchyme cells.

Fertilization of the mature egg is assisted by a converted choanocyte, the sperm carrier cell. This cell penetrates the oocyte and transfers to it the sperm contained in a carriercell vacuole. No meiotic events have yet been observed.

Cleavage is asynchronous, with holoblastic, approximately equal divisions. After the first cleavage steps the blastomeres often contain multiple nuclei. The single-layered blastoderm of the stomoblastula consists of many micromeres with flagella that project into the blastocoel, a few macromeres and four cruciform cells. There is no development of a follicle epithelium.

The stomoblastula develops into the amphiblastula by inversion; with the assistance of the maternal choanocyte epithelium, the hollow sphere turns inside out, simultaneously moving out of the mesoderm and into the lumen of the adjacent flagellated chamber. In this process, the blastocoel of the stomoblastula is lost. The flagellated cells that form the wall of the amphiblastula now have their flagella extending outward; the amphiblastula also comprises four cruciform cells, macrogranular and agranular cells. The larval cavity of the amphiblastula is a newly formed structure.

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Abbreviations

AB :

amphiblastula

AP :

apopyle

BC :

blastocoel

aC :

agranular cell

maC :

macrogranular cell

miC :

microgranular cell

CB :

crystalline body

CC :

central cavity

Ch :

choanocyte

fCh :

flat choanocyte

gCh :

granulate choanocyte

CM :

cell membrane

Co :

collar of choanocyte

CrC :

cruciform cell

DM :

dense material

EM :

electron micrograph

F :

flagellum

FC :

flagellated cell

FCm :

flagellated chamber

FL :

free larva

FV :

food vacuole

IR :

interior region

LC :

larval cavity

M :

mesenchyme

Ma :

macromere

MC :

mesenchyme cell

Mi :

micromere

N :

nucleus

Nu :

nucleolus

O :

opening

OC :

oocyte

P :

psudopodium

PC :

pinacocyte

PhM :

phase-contrast micrograph

Po :

pore

PP :

prosopyle

S :

sperm

SB :

stomoblastula

SC :

segmentation cavity

SCC :

sperm-carrier cell

SV :

sperm vacuole

lT :

large trophocyte

sT :

small trophocyte

V :

vacuole

VC :

vesicular cytoplasm

VM :

vacuole membrane

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Abteilung, Zoologisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloß, D-5300, Bonn 1, Federal Republic of Germany

    Wilfried Franzen

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  1. Wilfried Franzen
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Franzen, W. Oogenesis and larval development of Scypha ciliata (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoomorphology 107, 349–357 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00312218

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00312218

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