Skip to main content
Log in

Intervertebral disc degeneration

  • Review
  • Published:
European Spine Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Résumé

La dégénérescence des disques du rachis humain est un phénomène complexe caractérisé par des modifications biochimiques affectant le nucléus pulposus et les couches profondes de l'annulus et l'apparition de fissures et de fentes irradiant de la zone centrale du disque vers sa périphéric. De plus, et sans doute indépendamment de ces phénomènes, apparaissent au niveau des couches superficielles de l'annulus, de petites désinsertions qui sont probablement des ruptures provoquées par les contraintes mécaniques. La présence de déchirures discales liées aux contraintes et dépourvues de tendance spontanée à la guérison, peut initier ou accélérer la dégénérescence de la zone centrale du disque. Nous postulons que la douleur d'origine discale peut être liée aux altérations présentées par la partie périphérique de l'annulus. Bien qu'il puisse sembler logique d'admettre que les disques présentant une hyperpression intradiscale prolongée puissent davantage être enclins à engendrer des douleurs reportées dans les couches superficielles de l'annulus, en raison d'une tension plus élevée, l'analyse des études prospectives n'a pas confirmé de relation entre la reproduction typique d'une douleur à la discographie et des valeurs élevées de pression intradiscale. On en conclut pour le moment, que les seules modifications morphologiques significatives apparaissant chez les patients présentat la reproduction d'une douleur typique à la discographie, sont des altérations diverses de l'annulus affectant ses couches superficielles. Il reste à établir s'il existe une certaine reproduction des fibres nerveuses pendant l'essai de réparation de ces défects.

Summary

Disc degeneration in the human spine is a complex phenomenon characterised by biochemical change in the nucleus pulposus and inner annulus and the formation of clefts and fissures radiating from the central area of the disc towards the periphery. In addition, and probably independent of these phenomena, discrete defects in the outer annular attachement are seen which are likely to be due to mechanical stress and failure. The presence of stress tears in disc tissue and their failure to heal can initiate or accelerate the degeneration of the central component of the intervertebral disc. We postulate that discogenic pain may be linked to damage to the outer portion of the annulus fibrosus. Although it would seem logical to assume that discs with sustained high intradiscal pressure would be more prone to pain referred in the outer annular layers because of higher tensile strain, analysis of prospective studies has failed to confirm a relationship between typical pain reproduction at discography and high pressure values. It is concluded that, at present, the only consistent morphological changes present in patients with pain reproduction at discography are the presence of various annular defects involving the outer layers. Whether nerve ingrowth during attempts at repair of these defects is a consistent feature remains to be established.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Adams MA, Dolan P, Hutton WC (1986) The stages of disc degeneration as revealed by discograms. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 68:36

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bogduk N, Windsor M, Inglis A (1988) The innervation of the intervertebral disc. In: Ghosh P (ed) The biology of the intervertebral disc. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 143

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brodsky AE, Binder WF (1979) Lumbar discography. Spine 4:110–120

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cloward RB (1952) Anterior herniation of a ruptured lumbar intervertebral disk. AMA Arch Surg 64:457–463

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cole TC, Burkhardt D, Ghosh P, Ryan M, Taylor TKF (1985) Effects of spinal fusion on the proteoglycans of the canine intervertebral disc. J Orthop Res 3:277

    Google Scholar 

  6. Coventry MB, Ghormley RK, Kernohan JW (1945) The intervertebral disc: its microscopic anatomy and pathology. III. Pathological changes in the intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg 27:460

    Google Scholar 

  7. Crock HV (1970) A reappraisal of intervertebral disc lesions. Med J Aust 1983–1989

  8. Friberg S (1948) Anatomical studies on lumbar disc degeneration. Acta Orthop Scand 17:224–230

    Google Scholar 

  9. Friberg S, Hirsch C (1950) Anatomical and clinical studies on lumbar disc degeneration. Acta Orthop Scand 19:222–242

    Google Scholar 

  10. Galante JO (1967) Tensile properties of the human lumbar annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 100:68–82

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gibson MJ, Buckley J, Mawhinney R, Mulholland RC, Worthington BS (1986) Magnetic resonance imaging and discography in the diagnosis of disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 68:369

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hilton RC, Ball J (1984) Vertebral rim lesions in the dorsolumbar spine. Ann Rheum Dis 43:302–307

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hirsch C, Schajowicz F (1953) Studies on structural changes in the lumbar anulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand 22:184–231

    Google Scholar 

  14. Key JA, Ford LT (1948) Experimental intervertebral disc lesions. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 30:621

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kirkaldy-Willis WH (1983) The pathology and pathogenesis of low back pain. In: Kirkaldy-Willis WH (ed) Managing low back pain. Churchill-Livingstone, London, pp 23–43

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lipson S, Muir H (1981) Proteoglycans in experimental disc degeneration. Spine 6:194

    Google Scholar 

  17. Morgan FP, King T (1957) Primary instability of lumbar vertebrae as a common cause of low back pain. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 39:6–22

    Google Scholar 

  18. Nachemson AL (1963) The influence of spinal movements on the lumbar intradiscal pressure and on the tensile stresses in the annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand 33:183

    Google Scholar 

  19. Nachemson AL (1965) In vivo discometry in lumbar discs with irregular nucleograms. Acta Orthop Scand 36:418

    Google Scholar 

  20. Osti OL, Fraser RD (1992) MRI and discography of annular tears and intervertebral disc degeneration. A prospective clinical comparison. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 74:431–435

    Google Scholar 

  21. Osti OL, Vernon-Roberts B, Fraser RD (1990) Annulus tears and intervertebral disc degeneration. An experimental study using an animal model. Spine 15:762

    Google Scholar 

  22. Osti OL, Vernon-Roberts B, Moore RJ, Fraser RD (1992) Annular tears and intervertebral disc degeneration. An autopsy study. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 75:6

    Google Scholar 

  23. Park WM, McCall MB, O'Brien JP, Webb TK (1979) Fissuring of the posterior annulus fibrosus in the lumbar spine. Br J Radiol 52:382–387

    Google Scholar 

  24. Schmorl G, Junghanns H (1971) The human spine in health and disease, 2nd Am edn. Grune and Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  25. Schneiderman G, Flannigan B, Kingston S, Thomas J, Dillin WH, Watkins RG (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of disc degeneration: correlation with discography. Spine 12:276–281

    Google Scholar 

  26. Smith JW, Wolmsley R (1951) Experimental incision of the intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 33:612–625

    Google Scholar 

  27. Stilwell DL (1956) The nerve supply of the vertebral column and its associated structures in the monkey. Anat Rec 125:139

    Google Scholar 

  28. Vernon-Roberts B (1992) Age related and degenerative pathology of intervertebral discs and apophyseal joints. In: Jayson MIV (ed) The lumbar spine and back pain, 4th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  29. Vernon-Roberts B, Pirie CJ (1977) Degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine and their sequelae. Rheumatol Rehab 16:13–21

    Google Scholar 

  30. Weidenbaum M, et al (1990) Correlation of MRI with water and proteoglycan content in the human intervertebral disc. Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine. Boston, June 13–17

  31. Yoshizawa H, O'Brien JP, Thomas-Smith W, Trumper M (1980) The neuropathology of intervertebral discs removed for low-back pain. J Pathol 132:95

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zuckermann J, et al (1988) Normal MRI with abnormal discography. Spine 13:1355

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fraser, R.D., Osti, O.L. & Vernon-Roberts, B. Intervertebral disc degeneration. Eur Spine J 1, 205–213 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298361

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298361

Mots-clés

Key words

Navigation