Skip to main content
Log in

A comparison of moral reasoning and moral character in male and female incarcerated felons

  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gender differences among incarcerated adult felons along dimensions of moral reasoning and moral character were examined. Previous work was extended by comparing adult male and female felons, and by exploring the relationship between moral reasoning and moral character. Subjects completed the Socio-moral Reflection Questionnaire, which measures moral reasoning. Moral character was assessed by a socialization scale, two empathy measures, and two autonomy questionnaires. Discriminant function analysis revealed that men were higher than women on moral reasoning, lower on socialization, higher on role-taking empathy, lower on emotional empathy, and more internal in locus of control. Moral reasoning was correlated with role-taking empathy and locus of control. Implications for theories of gender differences in moral reasoning and criminality were discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler, F. Sisters in crime: The rise of the new female criminal, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, F. The interaction between women's emancipation and female criminality: A cross-cultural perspective. In S. K. Datesman & F. R. Scarpitti (Eds.), Women, crime and justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbuthnot, J. Moral reasoning development programs in prison: Cognitive-developmental and critical reasoning approaches. Journal of Moral Education, 1984, 13, 112–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind, D. Sex differences in moral reasoning: Response to Walker's (1984) conclusion that there are none. Child Development, 1986, 57, 511–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaisi, A. Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 1980, 85, 756–771.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chlopan, B. E., McCain, M. L., Carbonell, J. L., & Hagen, R. L. (1985). Empathy: Review of available measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1985, 48, 635–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., Candee, D., Speicher-Dubin, B., Hewer, A., Kauffman, K., & Power, C. Standard forms scoring manual, Forms A and B. Cambridge, MA: Center for Moral Education, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, F. T., Golden, K. M., & Cullen, J. B. Sex and delinquency: A partial test of the masculinity hypothesis. Criminology, 1979, 17, 301–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deardorff, P. A., & Finch, A. J. Empathy and socialization in repeat offenders, first offenders, and normals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1975, 22, 453–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C. The need to facilitate empathy as well as sociomoral reasoning in conduct-disordered adolescents. Paper presented at the Conference on Social Development, Miami, FL, January 1986.

  • Gibbs, J. C., & Widaman, K. F. Social intelligence: Measuring the development of sociomoral reflection. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C., Arnold, K. D., Ahlborn, H. H., & Chessman, F. L. Facilitation of sociomoral reasoning in delinquents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1984, 52, 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, C. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, H. B. Manual for the California Psychological Inventory (rev. ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haier, R. J. Moral reasoning and moral character: Relationships between the Kohlberg and the Hogan models. Psychological Reports, 1977, 40, 215–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. A., & Mullis, R. L. Moral reasoning in offender and non-offender youth. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1984, 144, 295–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, R. Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1969, 33, 307–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, R. Moral conduct and moral character: A psychological perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, 79, 217–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D. Personality Research Form Manual. Goshen, NY: Research Psychologist Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurkovic, G. J. The juvenile delinquent as a moral philosopher: A structural-developmental perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 1980, 88, 709–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive developmental approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.). Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtines, W. A measure of autonomy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1978, 42, 253–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasley, J., Kuhl, A. F., & Roberg, R. R. Relationship of nontraditional sex-role attitudes to severity of women's criminal behavior. Psychological Reports, 1985, 56, 155–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGinnies, E., Nordholm, L. A., Ward, C. D., & Bhanthumnavin, D. L. Sex and cultural differences in perceived locus of control among students in five countries. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 451–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Megargee, E. I. The California Psychological Inventory Handbook. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 1972, 40, 525–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulds, E. F. Chivalry and paternalism: Disparities of treatment in the criminal justice system. In S. R. Datesman & F. R. Scarpitti (Eds.), Women, crime and justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naffin, N. The masculinity-femininity hypothesis. British Journal of Criminology, 1986, 25, 365–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renwick, S., & Emler, N. Moral reasoning and delinquent behavior among students. British Journal of Social Psychology, 1984, 23, 281–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. K., Hanley, D., & Albert, M. Gender differences in moral reasoning. Sex Roles, 1986, 56, 645–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotter, J. B. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 1966, 80 (Whole No. 609).

  • Shover, N., Norland, S., James, J., & Thornton, W. Gender roles and delinquency. Social Forces, 1979, 58, 162–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, R. J. The contemporary woman and crime. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temin, C. E. Discriminatory sentencing of women offenders: The case for ERA in a nutshell. In S. R. Datesman & F. R. Scarpitti (Eds.), Women, crime, and justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. J. Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: A critical review. Child Development, 1984, 55, 677–691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisheit, R. A. Women and crime: Issues and perspectives. Sex Roles, 1984, 11, 567–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S. Female offenders: Three assumptions about self esteem, sex role identity, and feminism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 1979, 6, 365–382.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

DeWolfe, T.E., Jackson, L.A. & Winterberger, P. A comparison of moral reasoning and moral character in male and female incarcerated felons. Sex Roles 18, 583–593 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287962

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287962

Keywords

Navigation