Summary
Allotypes of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgA2 subclasses were investigated in seven Lebanese communities (three Moslem and four Christian). The Gm-Am haplotypes found were mainly those prevalent in Caucasians with a low frequency of haplotypes usually observed in Africans and Orientals. The difference between highlanders and lowlanders as expressed by G2m(23) was highly significant and suggested a possible adaptation to selective pressure related to the γ2 genes, possibly due to endemic malaria in the past. Exceptional Gm-Am haplotypes were unambiguously determined by family studies. Some were characterized either by a deletion or a repression or, in contrast, by a partial or total duplication of γ genes. Two others had uncommon combinations of allotypes: Gm 17;23;5,10,11,13,14 A2m 1, where G1m(17) was present without G1m(1); and Gm 3;23;5,14 A2m 1, where the CH3 allotypes G3m(10,11,13) were lacking.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Blanc, M., Ruffié,J., Taleb, N., Yaffi, G.: Sur la répartition des allotypes d'immunoglobulines du système Gm dans la population Kurde. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 274, 764–767 (1972)
Blanc, M., Dugoujon, J. M., Ruffié, J.: Un nouveau marqueur génétique des IgG3 humaines habituellement associé au facteur Gm(21) dans les populations caucasoïdes et mongoloïdes. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 283, 1461–1463 (1976)
Ferembach, D.: L'évolution humaine au Proche-Orient. Paléorient 1, 213–221 (1973)
Kherumian, R.: Introduction à l'anthropologie du Caucase: Les Arméniens, P. Geuthner, ed. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste 1943
Kunkel, H. G., Smith, W. K., Joslin, F. G., Natvig, J. B., Litwin, S. D.: Genetic marker of the A2 subgroup of γA immunoglobulins. Nature 223, 1247–1248 (1969)
Lalouel, J. M., Loiselet, J., Lefranc, G., Chaiban, D., Chakhachiro, L., Rivat, L., Ropartz, C.: Genetic differentiation among Lebanese communities. Acta Anthropogenetica I, 15–33 (1976)
Lefranc, G., Rivat, L., Rivat, C., Loiselet, J., Ropartz, C.: Evidence for ‘deleted’ or ‘silent’ genes homozygous at the locus coding for the constant region of the γ3 chain. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 28, 51–61 (1976a)
Lefranc, G., Loiselet, J., Rivat, L., Ropartz, C.: Gm, Km and ISf allotypes in the Lebanese population. Acta Anthropogenetica I, 34–45 (1976b)
Lefranc, G., Rivat, L., Salier, J. P., Loghem, E., van Aydenian, H., Zalzal, P., Chakhachiro, L., Loiselet, J., Ropartz, C.: Recombination, mutation or constitutive expression at a Gm locus and familial hypergamma-globulinemia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 29, 523–536 (1977)
Loghem,E. van, Mårtensson, L.: Gm(x) in Negroes. Vox Sang. 14, 258–263 (1968)
Loghem, E. van, Natvig, J. B., Matsumoto, H.: Genetic markers of immunoglobulins in Japanese families. Inheritance of associated markers belonging to one IgA and three IgG subclasses. Ann. Hum. Genet. 33, 351–359 (1970)
Loghem, E. van: Formal genetics of the immunoglobulin systems. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 190, 136–149 (1971)
Loghem, E. van, Wang, A. C., Shuster, J.: A new genetic marker of human immunoglobulins determined by an allele at the a2 locus. Vox Sang. 24, 481–488 (1973)
Loghem, E. van: Polymorphism of immunoglobulins. 14th Int. Congr. ISBT, Helsinki 1975, Transfusion and Immunology 13
Loghem, E. van, Buehler, S. K., Lange, G. de, Marshall, W. H., Newton, R. M.: An immunoglobulin in Newfoundland with the genetic marker Glm(z) without G1m(a) in five siblings. A possible hybrid molecule. J. Immunogenet. 3, 217–220 (1976)
Loghem, E. van, Lange, G. de, Matsumoto, H., Miyazaki, T., Ohkura, K.: Immunoglobulin haplotypes of two population groups in Iran. J. Immunogenet. 4, 385–390 (1977)
Loghem, E. van, Blanc, M., Lange, G. de: Human IgG3 allotypes, with special reference to a new allotype related to G3m(g) [G3m(21)]. J. Immunogenet. 4, 371–383 (1977)
Loiselet, J., Srouji, G.: Repartition de la cholinestérase mutante parmi les communautés libanaises. Comparaison avec la répartition d'autres gènes. Ann. Genet. (Paris) 11, 152–156 (1968)
Mårtensson, L., Loghem, E. van, Matsumoto, H., Nielsen, J.: Gm(s) and Gm(t): Genetic determinants of human γ-globulin. Vox Sang. 11, 393–418 (1966)
Miki, C., Yee, S., Yasuda, N., Morton, N. E.: Alltype. In: A genetics program library, N. E. Morton, ed., pp. 24–27. Honolulu Univ.: Hawaï Press 1969
Natvig, J. B., Michaelsen, T. E., Gedde-Dahl, T., Jr., Fischer, T.: IgG1 subclass protein with the genetic Gm markers Gm(z+non-a+); Another example of intragenic hybridization among IgG subclass genes. J. Immunogenet. 1, 33–41 (1974)
Piazza, A., Loghem, E. van, Lange, G. de, Curtoni, E. S., Ulizzi, L., Terrenato, L.: Immunoglobulin allotypes in Sardinia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 28, 77–86 (1976)
Ropartz, C., Rivat, L., Rousseau, P. Y., Walter, H., Nemeskeri, J.: Observations on the distribution of the Gm and Inv groups in Hungary. Humangenetik 5, 165–169 (1968)
Ruffié, J., Taleb, N.: Etude hémotypologique des ethnies libanaises. Centre Hémotypologie C.N.R.S., Hermann, ed. Paris 1965
Schanfield, M. S., Gergely, J., Fudenberg, H. H.: Immunoglobulin allotypes of European populations. I. Gm and Km (Inv) allotypic markers in Hungarians. Hum. Hered. 25, 370–377 (1975a)
Schanfield, M. S., Herzog, P., Fudenberg, H. H.: Immunoglobulin allotypes of European populations. II. Gm, Am and Km (Inv)allotypic markers in Czechoslovakians. Hum. Hered. 25, 382–392 (1975b)
Schanfield, M. S., Fudenberg, H. H.: The anthropological usefulness of the IgA allotypic markers. In: Biosocial interrelations in population adaptation, Mouton, ed., pp. 105–114. Amsterdam 1975
Steinberg, A. G.: Globulin polymorphism in man. Annu. Rev. Genet. 3, 25–52 (1969)
Steinberg, A. G., Levene, C., Goldschmidt, E., Cohen, T.: The Gm and Inv allotypes in kindreds of Kurdish Jews. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 22, 652–661 (1970)
Steinberg, A. G.: Contribution of the Gm and Inv allotypes to the characterization of human populations. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 9, 1249–1256 (1973a)
Steinberg, A. G.: Gm and Inv allotypes of some Sidamo Ethiopians. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 39, 403–408 (1973b)
Vyas, G. N., Fudenberg, H. H.: Am(1), The first genetic marker of human immunoglobulin A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64, 1211–1216 (1969)
Wang, A. C., Fudenberg, H. H.: IgA and evolution of immunoglobulins. J. Immunogenet. 1, 3–31 (1974)
WHO meeting: Review of the notation for the allotypic and related markers of human immunoglobulins. WHO meeting on human immunoglobulin allotypic markers. J. Immunogenet. 3, 357–362 (1976)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
To whom offprint requests should be sent
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lefranc, G., Rivat, L., Serre, JL. et al. Common and uncommon immunoglobulin haplotypes among Lebanese communities. Hum Genet 41, 197–209 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00273102
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00273102