Summary
The nit-3 gene of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa encodes the enzyme nitrate reductase, which catalyzes the first reductive step in the highly regulated nitrate assimilatory pathway. The nucleotide sequence of nit-3 was determined and translates to a protein of 982 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of approximately 108 kDa. Comparison of the deduced nit-3 protein sequence with the nitrate reductase protein sequences of other fungi and higher plants revealed that a significant amount of homology exists, particularly within the three cofactor-binding domains for molybdenum, heme and FAD. The synthesis and turnover of the nit-3 mRNA were also examined and found to occur rapidly and efficiently under changing metabolic conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aviv H, Leder P (1972) Purification of biologically active globin messager RNA by chromatography on oligothymidylic acidcellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:1408–1412
Bahns M, Garrett R (1980) Demonstration of de novo synthesis of Neurospora crassa nitrate reductase during induction. J Biol Chem 255:690–693
Berk AJ, Sharp PA (1977) Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids. Cell 12:721–732
Birnboim HC, Doly J (1979) A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 7:1513–1523
Bossinger J, Cooper TG (1977) Molecular events associated with induction of arginase in Saccharomyces cerevisae. J Bacteriol 131:163–173
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Calza R, Huttner E, Vincentz M, Rouze P, Galangau F, Vancheret H, Cherel I, Merger C, Kronenberger J, Caboche M (1987) Cloning of DNA fragments complementary to tobacco nitrate reductase mRNA and encoding epitopes common to the nitrate reductases from higher plants. Mol Gen Genet 209:552–562
Campbell WH, Kinghorn JR (1990) Functional domains of assimilatory nitrate reductases and nitrite reductases. Trends Biochem Sci 15:315–319
Cheng CH, Dewdney J, Kleinhofs A, Goodman HM (1986) Cloning and nitrate induction of nitrate reductase mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:6825–6828
Crawford NM, Smith M, Bellissimo D, Davis RW (1988) Sequence and nitrate regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana mRNA encoding nitrate reductase, a metalloflavoprotein with three functional domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5006–5010
Cybis J, Weglenski P (1972) Arginase induction in Aspergillus nidulans. The appearance and decay of the coding capacity of messenger. Eur J Biochem 30:262–268
Daniel-Vedele F, Dorbe M-F, Caboche M, Roze P (1989) Cloning and analysis of the tomato nitrate reductase-encoding gene: protein domain structure and amino acid homologies in higher plants. Gene 85:371–380
Fernandez E, Schnell R, Ranum LPW, Hussey SC, Seflow CD, Lefebvre PA (1989) Isolaton and characterization of the nitrate reductase structural gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:6449–6453
Fu Y-H, Marzluf GA (1987a) Molecular cloning and analysis of the regulation of nit-3, the structural gene for nitrate reductase Neurospora crassa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:8243–8247
Fu Y-H, Marzluf GA (1987b) Characterization of nit-2, the major nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa. Mol Cell Biol 7:1691–1696
Fu Y-H, Marzluf GA (1988) Metabolic control and autogenous regulation of nit-3, the nitrate reductase structural gene of Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol 170:657–661
Fu Y-H, Marzluf GA (1990a) nit-2, the major regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa, encodes a protein with a putative zinc finger DNA-binding domain. Mol Cell Biol 10:1056–1065
Fu Y-H, Marzluf GA (1990b) nit-2, the major positive-acting nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa, encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:5331–5335
Fu Y-H, Young JL, Marzluf GA (1988) Molecular cloning and characterization of a negative-acting nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa. Mol Gen Genet 214:74–79
Fu Y-H, Kneessi JY, Marzluf GA (1989) Isolation of nit-4, the minor regulatory gene which mediates nitrate induction in Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol 171:4067–4070
Galangau F, Cherel I, Deng M, Meyer C, Moureaux T, Rouze P, Vaucheret H, Vedele F, Vincentz M, Caboche M (1989) Nitrate reductase expression in tobacco and tomato. Curr Top Plant Biochem Physiol 7:26–34
Garrett RH, Cove DJ (1976) Formation of NADPH-nitrate reductase activity in vitro from Aspergillus nidulans niaD and cnx mutants. Mol Gen Genet 149:179–186
Goldberg AL, Dice JF (1974) Intracellular protein degradation in mammalian and bacterial cells. Annu Rev Biochem 43:835–869
Gowri G, Campbell WH (1989) cDNA clones for corn leaf NADH nitrate reductase and chloroplast NAD(P)H:glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase. Plant Physiol 90:792–798
Guiard B, Lederer F (1979) The “cytochrome b5 fold”: structure of a novel protein superfamily. J Mol Biol 135:639–650
Hackett CS, Novoa WB, Orzols J, Strittmatter P (1986) Identification of the essential cysteine residue of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. J Biol Chem 261:9854–9857
Hackett CS, Novoa WB, Read Kensil C, Strittmatter P (1988) NADH binding to cytochrome b5 reductase blocks the acetylation of lysine 110. J Biol Chem 263:7539–7543
Hanson MA, Marzluf MA (1975) Control of the synthesis of a single enzyme by multiple regulatory circuits in Neurospora crassa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:1240–1244
Hyde GE, Wilberding JA, Meyer AL, Campbell ER, Campbell WH (1989) Monoclonal antibody-based immunoaffinity chromatography for purifying corn and squash NADH: nitrate reductases. Evidence for an interchain disulfide bond in nitrate reductase. Plant Mol Biol 13:233–246
Johnstone IL, McCabe PC, Greaves P, Cole GE, Brow MAD, Gurr SJ, Unkles SE, Clutterbuck AJ, Kinghorn JR, Innis M (1990) The isolation and characterization of the crnA—niiA—niaD gene cluster for nitrate assimilation in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Gene 90:181–192
Ketter JS, Jarai G, Fu Y-H, Marzluf GA (1991) Nucleotide sequence, messenger RNA stability, and DNA recognition elements of cys-14, the structural gene for sulfate permease II in Neurospora crassa. Biochemistry 30:1780–1787
Kim HDL, Lederer F (1983) On the presence of a heme-binding domain homologous to cytochrome b5 in Neurospora crassa assimilatory nitrate reductase. EMBO J 2:1909–191
Lee H, Fu Y-H, Marzluf GA (1990) Nucleotide sequence and DNA recognition elements of ale, the structural gene which encodes allantoicase, a purine cataobolic enzyme of Neurospora crassa. Biochemistry 29:8779–8787
Maniatis T, Fritsch EF, Sambrook J (1982) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
Marzluf GA (1981) Regulation of nitrogen metabolism and gene expression in fungi. Microbiol Rev 45:437–461
Marzluf GA, Fu Y-H (1988) Genetic and metabolic regulation of nitrogen metabolism in Neurospora crassa. In: Sanchez-Esquivel S (ed) Nitrogen source control of microbial processes, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla
Orbach MJ, Porro EB, Yanofsky C (1986) Cloning and characterization of the gene for beta-tubulin from a benomyl-resistant mutant of Neurospora crassa and its use as a dominant selectable marker. Mol Cell Biol 6:2452–2461
Premakumar R, Sorger GJ (1979) Nitrogen metabolite repression of nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol 137:1119–1126
Premakumar R, Sorger GJ, Gooden D (1978) Stability of messenger RNA for nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa. Biochim Biophys Acta 519:275–278
Reinert WR, Patel VB, Giles NH (1981) Genetic regulation of the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa: induction of qa messenger ribonucleic acid and dependency in qa-1 function. Mol Cell Biol 1:829–835
Roberts AN, Berlin V, Hager KM, Yanofsky C (1988) Molecular analysis of a Neurospora crassa gene expressed during conidiation. Mol Cell Biol 8:2411–2418
Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:5463–5467
Solomonson LP, Barber MJ (1990) Assimilatory nitrate reductase: functional properties and regulation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 41:225–253
Sorger GJ, Debanne MT, Davies J (1974) Effect of nitrate on the synthesis and decay of nitrate reductase of Neurospora crassa. Biochem J 140:395–403
Yoo M, Steggles AW (1988) The complete nucleotide sequence of human liver cytochrome b5 mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 156:576–580
Young JL, Jarai G, Fu Y-H, Marzluf GA (1990) Nucleotide sequence and analysis of nmr, a negative-acting regulatory gene in the nitrogen circuit of Neurospora crassa. Mol Gen Genet 222:120–128
Yubisui T, Miyata T, Iwanaga S, Tamura M, Takeshita M (1986) Complete amino acid sequence of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase purified from human erythrocytes. J Biochem 94:407–422
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by C.A. van den Handel
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Okamoto, P.M., Fu, YH. & Marzluf, G.A. Nit-3, the structural gene of nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa: nucleotide sequence and regulation of mRNA synthesis and turnover. Molec. Gen. Genet. 227, 213–223 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00259673
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00259673