Skip to main content
Log in

Rechargeable lithium battery anodes: alternatives to metallic lithium

  • Review Papers
  • Published:
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review is concerned with alternatives to metallic lithium for use in rechargeable lithium batteries. Emphasis is placed on the use of various materials and combinations of materials in different types of electrodes rather than on the properties of the materials themselves. The review includes carbon based electrodes, alloys, conducting polymers and transition metal compounds. Special consideration is given to electrodes and materials used in organic liquid and polymer electrolytes, whereas liquid cathode and molten salt systems are excluded.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. E. Peled in J. P. Gabano (ed.), ‘Lithium Batteries’, Academic Press, London (1983) pp. 43–72.

    Google Scholar 

  2. D. Aurbach, M. L. Daroux, P. Faguy and E. B. Yeager, J. Electrochemical. Soc. 134 (1987) 1611.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Idemibid. 135 (1988) 1863.

    Google Scholar 

  4. D. Aurbach, ibid. 133 (1986) 1601.

    Google Scholar 

  5. D. Aurbach, ibid. 136 (1989) 906.

    Google Scholar 

  6. H. Gottlieb and D. Aurbach, Electrochim. Acta 34 (1989) 141.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Langzam, Y. Gofer and D. Aurbach, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 3198.

    Google Scholar 

  8. D. Aurbach, ibid. 136 (1989) 1610.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Y. Malik, D. Aurbach, P. Dan and A. Meitav, J. Electroanal. Chem. 282 (1990) 73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. K. M. Abraham in S. Subbarao, V. R. Kock, B. B. Owens and H. Smyrl (eds), ‘Rechargeable lithium batteries’, Proceedings of the Electrochem. Society, Vol. 5, Pennington, NJ (1990) pp. 1.

  11. A. N. Dey, J. Electrochem. Soc. 118 (1971) 1547.

    Google Scholar 

  12. T. R. Jow and C. C. Liang, ibid. 129 (1982) 1429.

    Google Scholar 

  13. R. D. Armstrong, O. R. Brown, R. P. Ram and C. D. Tuck, J. Power Sources 28 (1989) 259.

    Google Scholar 

  14. A. S. Baranski, W. R. Fawset, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 901.

    Google Scholar 

  15. A. Anani, S. Crouch-Baker, R. A. Huggins, in: Proceedings of the ECS Symposium on Lithium Batteries, (edited by A. N. Dey), Pennington, NJ (1987) pp. 365.

  16. A. Anani, S. Crouch-Baker and R. A. Huggins, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 (1987) 3098.

    Google Scholar 

  17. J. Wang, I. D. Raistick and R. A. Huggins, ibid. 133 (1986) 457.

    Google Scholar 

  18. W. C. Maskell and J. R. Owen, ibid. 132 (1985) 1602.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Y. Geronov, P. Zlatilova and G. Staikov, J. Power Sources 12 (1984) 155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Geronov, P. Zlatilova and R. V. Moshtev, ibid. 12 (1984) 155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. J. R. Owen, W. C. Maskell, B. C. H. Steele, T. S. Nielsen and O. T. Sorensen, Solid State Ionics 13 (1984) 329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. B. M. L. Rao, R. W. Francis and H. A. Christopher, J. Electrochem. Soc. 124 (1977) 1490.

    Google Scholar 

  23. A. S. Baranski, W. R. Fawcett, T. Krogulec and M. Drogowska, ibid. 131 (1984) 1750.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. O. Besenhard, J. Electroanal. Chem. 94 (1978) 77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. I. Epelboin, M. Froment, M. Garreau, J. Thevenin and D. Warin, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127 (1980) 2100.

    Google Scholar 

  26. J. O. Besenhard, M. Hess and P. Komenda, Solid State Ionics 40/41 (1990) 525.

    Google Scholar 

  27. M. Garreau, J. Thevenin and M. Fekir, J. Power Sources 9 (1983) 235.

    Google Scholar 

  28. A. Bélanger, M. Gauthier, M. Robitaille and R. Bellemare, in; Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Polymer Electrolytes, (edited by B. Scrosati), Elsevier Applied Science, London (1990) p. 347.

  29. P. Sanchez, C. Belin, C. Crepy and A. De Guibert, J. Appl. Electrochem. 19 (1989) 421.

    Google Scholar 

  30. B. F. Larrick, S. D. James and R. Szwarc, in: Proceedings of the 28th Power Sources Symposium, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ (1984) p. 95.

  31. R. W. Holmes, in: Proceedings of the ECS Symposium on Lithium Batteries, (edited by A. N. Dey) Pennington, NJ, USA (1984) p. 323.

  32. A. A. Anani, S. Crouch-Baker and R. A. Huggins, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135 (1988) 2103.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Idem, in: Proceedings of the ECS Symposium on Lithium Batteries, (edited by A. N. Dey) Pennington, NJ (1987) p. 382.

  34. J. O. Besenhard, P. Komenda, A. Paxinos, E. Wudy and M. Josowics, Solid State Ionics 18 & 19 (1986) 823.

    Google Scholar 

  35. J. O. Besenhard, J. Gürtler, P. Komenda, in: ‘Chemical Physics of Intercalation’, (edited by A. P. Legrand and S. Flandrois), NATO ASI Series, Series B: Physics vol. 172, Plenum Press, New York (1987) p. 469.

    Google Scholar 

  36. J. Wang, P. King and R. A. Huggins, Solid State Ionics 20 (1986) 185.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Y. Toyoguchi, J. Yamaura, T. Matsui and T. Iijima, in: Proceedings of the ECS Symposium on Primary and Secondary Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries, (edited by J. P. Gabano, Z. Takehara and P. Bro) Pennington, NJ (1988) p. 659.

  38. Y. Toyoguchi, J. Yamaura, T. Matsui and T. Iijima, Prog. Batt. Sol. Cells 6 (1987) 58.

    Google Scholar 

  39. A. Belanger and M. Robitaille, U.S. Patent 4652506 (1987).

  40. G. E. McManis, A. N. Fletcher and D. E. Bliss, U.S. Patent 4632889 (1986).

  41. J. C. Schaefer, U.S. Patent 3981743 (1976).

  42. B. M. L. Rao, U.S. Patent 4002492 (1979).

  43. J. L. Settle, K. M. Myles and J. E. Battles, U.S. Patent 3957532 (1976).

  44. Z. Tomezuk, T. W. Olszanski and J. E. Battles, U.S. Patent 4011372 (1977).

  45. C. D. Desjardins, T. G. Green and G. K. MacLean, Power Sources 12 (1989) 489–98.

    Google Scholar 

  46. D. C. Desjardins, H. Sharifian and G. K. MacLean, Eur. Pat. Appl. 0281352 (1988).

  47. C. D. Desjardin and G. K. MacLean, in: ‘Rechargeable lithium batteries’, (edited by S. Subbarao, R. Koch, B. B. Owens and W. H. Smyrl) Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, 90-5, Pennington, NJ (1990) p. 108.

  48. A. Belanger, D. Fauteux and M. Gautier, U. S. Patent 4 517 265 (1985).

  49. F. A. Levy (ed.) ‘Intercalated Layered Materials’, D. Reidel, London (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  50. R. Yazami, Ph. Touzain, J. Power Sources 9 (1983) 365–71.

    Google Scholar 

  51. D. Guerard and A. Herold, Carbon 13 (1975) 337.

    Google Scholar 

  52. D. Billaud and A. Herold, Carbon 17 (1979) 183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. J. E. Fischer, C. D. Fuerst and K. C. Woo, Synth. Met. 12 (1985) 137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. R. Yazami and Ph. Touzain, Solid State Ionics 9 & 10 (1983) 489–94.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ph. Touzain, Ann. Phys. 11 (1986) 23–35.

    Google Scholar 

  56. O. Yamamoto, Y. Takeda, R. Kanno, N. Nakanishi and T. Ichikawa, in: Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, ‘Primary and Secondary Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries’, (edited by J. P. Gabano, Z. Takehara, P. Bro) 88-6, Pennington, NJ (1988) p. 754.

  57. R. Kanno, Y. Takeda, T. Ichhkkawa, K. Nakanishi and O. Yamamoto, J. Power Sources 26 (1989) 535–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. M. Mohri, N. Yanagisawa, Y. Tajima, H. Tanaka, T. Mitate, S. Nagajima, M. Yoshida, Y. Yoshimoto, T. Suzuki and H. Wada, ibid. 26 (1989) 545–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. M. Arakawa and J. Yamaki, J. Electroanal. Chem. 219 (1987) 273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. R. S. McMillan, in: Proceedings of the Symposium on Primary and Secondary Lithium Batteries, (edited by K. M. Abraham, M. Salomon) The Electrochemical Society, 91-3, Pennington, NJ (1991) p. 416-28.

  61. R. S. McMillan, The Electrochemical Society Fall Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 14–19 October, (1990) extended abstract no. 97.

  62. R. Fong, U. von Sacken and J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 (1990) 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  63. M. Sato, T. Iijima, K. Suzuki and K. Fujimoto, The Electrochemical Society Fall Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 14–19 October (1990), extended abstract no. 41.

  64. T. Nagaura, The Third International Rechargeable Battery Seminar, Deerfield beach, Florida, 5–7 March (1990).

  65. Eur. Pat. Appl., E.P. 357001.

  66. J. R. Dahn, U. von Sacken, and R. Fong, The Electrochemical Society Fall Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 14–19 October (1990), extended abstract no. 42.

  67. B. Scrosati, Prog. Solid State Chem. 18 (1988) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. J. Caja, R. B. Kaner and A. G. MacDiarmid, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 2744.

    Google Scholar 

  69. R. B. Kaner, A. G. MacDiarmid and R. J. Mammlne, in: ‘Polymers in Electronics’, (edited by T. Davidson), American Chemical Society, Washington DC (1985) pp. 575-84.

  70. L. W. Shacklette, J. E. Toth, N. S. Murthy and R. H. Baughman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 1529.

    Google Scholar 

  71. M. Maxfield, J. F. Wolf, G. G. Miller, J. E. Frommer and L. W. Shacklette, ibid. 133 (1986) 117.

    Google Scholar 

  72. D. MacInnes Jr., M. A. Druy, P. J. Nigrey, D. P. Nairns, A. G. MacDiarmid and A. J. Heeger, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm. (1981) 317.

  73. M. Aldissi, ‘Inherently Conducting Polymers’, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ (1989) pp. 79–82.

    Google Scholar 

  74. T. Nagatomo, H. Kakehata, C. Ichikawa and O. Omoto, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 24 (1985) L397.

    Google Scholar 

  75. T. Nagatomo, C. Ichikawa and O. Omoto, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 (1987) 305–8.

    Google Scholar 

  76. T. Nagatomo, K. Negishi and H. Kakehata, in: Proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in Battery Materials and Processing, (edited by J. McBreen, Der-Tau Chin, R. S. Yeo and A. C. C. Tseung) The Electrochemical Society, 84-4, Pennington, NJ (1984) pp. 34.

  77. C. K. Chiang, Polymer 22 (1981) 1454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. A. G. MacDiarmid and M. Maxfield, in: Electrochemical Science and Technology of Polymers 1, (edited by R. G. Linford) Elsevier Applied Science, London (1987) pp. 74–97.

  79. L. W. Shacklette, M. Maxfield, S. Gould, J. F. Wolf, T. R. Jew and R. H. Baughman, Synth. Met. 18 (1987) 611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. P. Passiniemi and O. Inganäs, Solid State Ionics 34 (1989) 225–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. M. Maxfield, T. R. Jow, S. Gould, M. G. Sewchok and L. W. Shacklette, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135 (1988) 299–305.

    Google Scholar 

  82. M. Maxfield, T. R. Jew, M. G. Semchow and L. W. Shacklette, J. Power Sources 26 (1989) 93–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. L. W. Shacklette, T. R. Jow and R. Hatami, in: ‘Materials and Processes for Lithium Batteries’, Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, (Edited by K. M. Abraham and B. B. Owens) 89-4, Pennington, NJ (1989) pp. 33–41.

  84. T. R. Jpw, L. W. Shacklette, in: ‘Primary and Secondary Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries’, Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society (edited by J. P. Gabano, Z. Takehara and P. Bro) 88-6, Pennington, NJ (1988) pp. 589–601.

  85. T. R. Jew and L. W. Shacklette, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136, (1989) 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Idem and L. W. Shacklette, ibid. 135 (1988) 541–8.

    Google Scholar 

  87. T. R. Jow, L. W. Shacklette, M. Maxfield and D. Vernick, ibid. 134 (1987) 1730–3.

    Google Scholar 

  88. M. Armand, in: ‘Materials for Advanced Batteries’, (edited by D. W. Murphy, J. Broadhead and B. C. H. Steele) Plenum Press, New York (1980) p. 145.

  89. K. O. Hever, J. Electrochem. Soc. 115 (1968) 826.

    Google Scholar 

  90. B. di Pietro, M. Patriarca and B. Scrosati, J. Power Sources 8 (1982) 289–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. M. Lazzari and B. Scrosati, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127 (1980) 773.

    Google Scholar 

  92. K. W. Semkow and A. F. Sammels, ibid. 134 (1987) 766.

    Google Scholar 

  93. K. M. Abraham, D. M. Pasquariello, E. B. Willstaedt and G. F. McAndrews, in: ‘Primary and Secondary Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries’, Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, (edited by J. P. Gabano, Z. Takehara and P. Bro) 88-6, Pennington, NJ (1988) pp. 668-78.

  94. J. J. Auborn and Y. Barberio, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 (1987) 638–41.

    Google Scholar 

  95. J. J. Auborn, Y. L. Barberio, in: ‘Lithium Batteries’, Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, (edited by A. N. Dey) 87-1, Pennington, NJ (1987) p. 256.

  96. K. A. Fix and A. F. Sammels, in: ‘Materials and Processes for Lithium Batteries, Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, (edited by K. M. Abraham and B. B. Owens) 89-4, Pennington, NJ (1989) p. 347.

  97. S. Morzilli, B. Scrosati and F. Sgarlata, Electrochim. Acta 30 (1985) 1271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. B. di Pietro, M. Patriarca and B. Scrosati, Synth. Met. 5 (1982) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. F. Bonino, M. Lazzari, L. Peraldo Bicelli, B. di Pietro and B. Scrosati, in: Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, (edited by H. V. Ventkatasetty) Pennington, NJ (1981) p. 255.

  100. K. M. Abraham, D. M. Pasquariello and E. B. Willstaedt, J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 (1990) 743.

    Google Scholar 

  101. D. W. Murphy, F. J. DiSalvo, J. N. Carides and J. V. Waszczak, Mat. Res. Bull. 13 (1978) 1395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. D. Guyomard and J. M. Tarascon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, (1992) 937.

    Google Scholar 

  103. The 180th Electrochemical Society Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, 13–17 October (1991). Extended abstracts are available from the Electrochemical Society, Inc., 10 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2896, USA. The proceedings of the symposium ‘High Power, Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries’ (edited by W. Clark and G. Halpert) is also available.

  104. Sixth International Meeting on Lithium Batteries, Münster, Germany, 10–15 May (1992). Extended abstracts available from Prof. J. O. Besenhard, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Miinster, Wilhelm-Klemm Strasse 8, D-4400 Münster, Germany. The proceedings will be available towards the end of 1992.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fauteux, D., Koksbang, R. Rechargeable lithium battery anodes: alternatives to metallic lithium. J Appl Electrochem 23, 1–10 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00241568

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00241568

Keywords

Navigation