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Muramyl peptides

Chemical structure, biological activity and mechanism of action

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Summary

The first two sections give a historical introduction describing the identification of a muramyl-dipeptide as the smallest adjuvant active moiety capable of replacing whole killed mycobacterial cells in Freund's complete adjuvant. This molecule, MDP (for muramyl-dipeptide = N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) was synthesized and shown to be fully active.

The third section describes in detail the various derivatives and analogues of MDP which have been synthesized and characterizes their main properties, such as adjuvant activity, stimulation of non-specific resistance to infections and pyrogenicity.

The fourth section gives a summary of the biological properties of MDP and its derivatives; these are reported under the following headings:

  • Adjuvant and related activities (qualitative changes in antibody synthesis, immunogenicity of MDP, autoimmune responses, MDP as adjuvant for vaccines, induction of cell mediated immunity)

  • Modulation of host resistance to tumours and to infections (antitumour activity of MDP and its derivatives, non-specific resistance to infection)

  • Mitogenic activity, polyclonal activation, pyrogenicity of MDP

The fifth section ‘Target cells and mechanism of action’ relates in vivo and in vitro experiments and the action of MDP on macrophages. Finally, the metabolic fate of MDP and derivatives is discussed.

The conclusions of this review try to foresee the future applications of MDP and its derivatives, as components of vaccines, as anticancer and antiparasitic agents and ends with a word of caution concerning the possible side effects of the intensive use of immunomodulators in human beings.

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Abbreviations

Ab:

antibody

CMI:

cell mediated immunity

DHS:

delayed hypersensitivity

FCA:

Freund's complete adjuvant

FIA:

Freund's incomplete adjuvant

MDP:

muramyldipeptide = N=acetyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine

PFC:

plaque forming cells

TDM:

trehalose dimycolate = cord factor = P3

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de Biochimie, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France

    Arlette Adam, Jean-François Petit & Edgar Lederer

  2. Institut CHOAY, 92120, Montrouge, France

    Pierre Lefrancier

  3. Laboratoire de Biochimie, C.N.R.S., 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Edgar Lederer

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  1. Arlette Adam
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  2. Jean-François Petit
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  3. Pierre Lefrancier
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Adam, A., Petit, JF., Lefrancier, P. et al. Muramyl peptides. Mol Cell Biochem 41, 27–47 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00225295

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