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On the structure of the human archicortex

I. The cornu ammonis a Golgi and pigmentarchitectonic study

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Summary

By means of a method for the stereomicroscopical demonstration of neurolipofuscines in sections ranging from 400 up to 800 μm in thickness (Braak, 1970), the distribution pattern of these pigments all over the various layers and sectors of the cornu ammonis of man is described. Additionally Golgi studies were made for an improved interpretation of the pigment picture. Our new technique utilizing the successive examination of both the Golgi and the pigment picture of individual neurons allows a clear determination of the cell types by distinguishing characteristics of the pigment deposits. Thus, the pigment preparations allow to separate unequivocally the pyramids from the various types of stellate cells. Hence, the qualitative results of the Golgi studies are translated into the language of the pigment preparations, giving quantitative information about the distribution pattern and packing density of pyramids and the various types of interneurons. Pigmentarchitectonic studies are therefore of great value, if deciphering of the bewildering maze of the human cerebral cortex is attempted.

The division of the cornu ammonis into four sectors (Lorente de Nó, 1934) is confirmed. Within the sectors CA4 and CA3 the band of pyramids is uniform and splits up into a deep and superficial layer within CA2 and CA1. In general, the pyramidal cells contain a modest number of small, weakly staining lipofuscin granules.

The astrocytes lying in the course of the mossy fibres, running from the fascia dentata to the pyramids of CA4 and CA3, accumulate coarse lipofuscin grains which stain intensely with aldehydefuchsin.

Within the stratum pyramidale of the various sectors of the ammonshorn several other types of nerve cells occur that have not been mentioned by Lorente de Nó (1934). Golgi preparations display at least three groups of stellate cells, designated as the giant, the medium sized, and the minute stellate cells. Within pigment preparations most of these neurons appear as outstanding elements crammed with intensely staining lipofuscin deposits, whereas a small number of them does not contain any pigment grain at all or stores only few granules.

The minute stellate is easily overlooked within Golgi preparations because of their slender and delicate cells processes. They are not a specialized cell type of the archicortex but an ubiquitous element and a fundamental constituent of the cerebral cortex of man. Within Nissl preparations these neurons may be confused with astrocytes. The small cell bodies of the minute stellate cells are stuffed with lipofuscin granules which stain in a deep purple shade with aldehydefuchsin, thus forming a conspicuous and easily recognizable element within pigment preparations.

The various interneurons of the stratum radiatum-lacunosum-moleculare and the stratum oriens show apparently the same grouping into pigment loaded and pigment lacking types of cells. According to Lorente de Nó (1934) different neurons of the Golgi-II-type occur within the stratum oriens, the terminal arborization of their axons impinging upon either the apical dendrites, the soma, or the basal dendrites of the pyramidal cells. Due to deficiences of our Golgi technique we have not succeeded in discriminating the stratum oriens interneurons within pigment preparations.

There are data available from the literature confirming the assumption that inhibitory interneurons of the cornu ammonis contain either 5-hydroxytryptamine or γ-amino butyric acid or a related compound. The reasons for the idea that the pigment laden stellate cells possibly synthetize serotonin or a similar substance and the pigment lacking ones γ-aminobutyric acid are discussed.

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    H. Braak

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Braak, H. On the structure of the human archicortex. Cell Tissue Res. 152, 349–383 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223955

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