Abstract
The acute toxicity data of the first 50 chemicals of the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity (MEIC) programme is compared for three “cyst-based toxicity tests” (Artoxkit M with Artemia salina, Streptoxkit F with Streptocephalus proboscideus, and Rotoxkit F with Brachionus calyciflorus), and two other tests (the Daphnia magna and the Photobacterium phosphoreum Microtox™ tests) commonly used in ecotoxicology. The difference in sensitivity for the 50 chemicals was as high as 19 orders of magnitude (on a molecular weight basis) between the most and least sensitive species. Generally, a similar toxicity ranking of the 5 test species was found for most of the chemicals and the interspecies correlations were high. Results from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis indicated that the groupings are not related to a clear and defined chemical structure. However, the loading plot of the first two principal components may aid in selecting the minimum number and type of tests that have to be included in a battery which encompasses a broad spectrum of toxicity levels. Consequently, this study supports the use of a selected battery of tests to evaluate ecotoxicity and suggests its possible importance for screening of biologically-active compounds from natural sources.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Hafez SI, el-Kady IA, Mazen MB, el-Maghraby OM (1987) Mycoflora and tricothecene toxins of paddy grains from Egypt. Mycopathol 100:103–112
Albert A (1985) Selective toxicity. The physico-chemical basis of therapy, 7th ed. Chapman and Hall, London
Anderson JE, Ma WW, Smith DL, Chang CJ, McLaughlin JL (1992) Biologically active gamma-lactones and methylketones from Lindera benzoin. J Nat Prod 55:71–83
Ariëns EJ (1971) A general introduction to the field of drug design. In: Ariëns EJ (ed) Drug design. Academic Press, NY, Vol I, pp 2–270
Barron MG, Plakas SM (1991) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of xenobiotics in aquatic animals. In: SETAC 12th Annual Meeting, November 3–7, 1991, Seattle, Washington. SETAC, Washington, DC
Bend JR, James MO (1978) Xenobiotic metabolism in marine and freshwater species. In: Malins DC, Sargent JF (eds) Biochemical and biophysical perspectives in marine biology. Academic Press, London, Vol 4, pp 126–188
Blanck H, Wallin G, Wängberg S-A (1984) Species-dependent variation in algal sensitivity to chemical compounds. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 8:339–351
Bondesson I, Ekwall B, Hellberg S, Romert L, Stenberg K, Walum E (1989) MEIC—A new international multicenter project to evaluate the relevance to human toxicity of in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Cell Biol Toxicol 5:331–347
Bories C, Loiseau P, Cortes D, Myint SH, Hocquemiller R, Gayral P, Cave A, Laurens A (1991) Antiparasitic activity of Anona muricata and Anona cherimolia seeds. Planta Med 57:434–436
Bottalico A, Capasso R, Evidente A, Randazzo G, Vurro M (1990) Cytochalasins: Structure-acitivity relationships. Phytochem 29: 93–96
Box GEP, Hunter WG, Hunter JS (1978) Statistics for experimenters. An introduction to design, analysis and model building. John Wiley and Sons, NY
Cairns J Jr (1986) The myth of the most sensitive species. Biosci 36:670–672
Calleja A, Baldasano JM, Mulet A (1986) Toxicity analysis of leachates from hazardous wastes via Microtox and Daphnia magna. Tox Assess Quart 1:73–83
Calleja MC, Persoone G (1992) Cyst-based toxicity tests. IV. The potential of ecotoxicological tests for the prediction of acute toxicity in man as evaluated on the first ten chemicals of the MEIC Programme. ATLA 20:396–405
Calleja MC, Persoone G, Geladi P (1993) The predictive potential of a battery of ecotoxicological tests for human acute toxicity as evaluated with the first 50 MEIC chemicals. ALTA 21:330–349
Centeno MDF, Brendonck L, Persoone G (1993) Cyst-based toxicity tests. III. Development and standardization of an acute toxicity test with the freshwater anostracan crustacean Streptocephalus proboscideus. In Soares AMVM, Calow P (eds) Progress in standardization of aquatic toxicity tests. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 37–55
Combrinck S, Gelderblom WC, Spies HS, Burger BV, Thiel PG, Marasas WF (1988) Isolation and characterization of tricothecene from corn cultures of Fusarium graminearum MRC 1125. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:1700–1702
Cronin MTD, Dearden JC, Dobbs AJ (1991) QSAR studies of comparative toxicity in aquatic organisms. Sci Total Environ 109–110: 431–439
Dawson GW, Jennings AL, Drozdowski, Rider E (1975/77) The acute toxicity of 47 industrial chemicals to freshwater and saltwater fishes. J Hazard Mater 1:303–318
Del Rayo Camacho M, Sanchez B, Quiroz H, Conteras JL, Mata R (1991) Pinocembrine: A bioactive flavonone from Teloxys graveolens. Ethnopharmacol 31:383–389
Diener UL, Morgan-Jones G, Wagener RE, Davies ND (1981) Toxigenicity of fungi from grain sorghum. Mycopathol 75:23–26
Doherty FG (1983) Interspecies correlations of acute aquatic median lethal concentration for four standard testing species. Environ Sci Technol 17:661–665
Dutka BJ, Kwan KK (1988) Battery of screening tests approach applied to sediments extracts. Tox Assess Int J 3:303–314
Eastmond DA, Brooth GM, Lee ML (1984) Toxicity, accumulation, and elimination of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in Daphnia magna. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13:105–111
Ekwall B, Ekwall K (1988) Comments on the use of diverse cell systems in toxicity testing. ATLA 15:193–200
el-Maghraby OM, el-Maraghy SS (1987) Mycoflora and mycotoxins of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds in Egypt. 1—Sugar fungi and natural occurrence of mycotoxins. Mycopathol 98:165–170
el-Maraghy SS (1988) Aflatoxins and fungal flora in lentil (Lens esculenta L.). Mycopathol 102:31–35
Faid M, Tantaoui Elaraki A (1989) Production of toxic metabolites by Penicillium italicum and P. digitatu isolated from citrus fruits. J Fd Protec 52:194–197
Ferrigni NR, McLaughlin JL, Powell RG, Smith CR Jr (1984) Use of potato disc and brine shrimp bioassays to detect activity and isolate piceatannol as the antileukemic principle from the seeds of Euphorbia lagascae. J Nat Prod 47:347–352
Foster GD, Crosby DG (1987) Comparative metabolism of nitroaromatic compounds in freshwater, brackish water and marine decapod crustaceans. Xenobiotica 17:1393–1404
Gillette JR (1965) Drug toxicity as a result of interference with physiological control mechanisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 123:42–54
Goss LB, Sabourin TD (1985) Utilization of alternative species for toxicity testing: an overview. J Appl Toxicol 5:193–219
Harwig J, Scott PM (1971) Brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.) larvae as a screening system for fungal toxins. Appl Microbiol 21:1011–1016
Hamilton MA, Russo RC, Thurston RV (1977) Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays. Environ Sci Technol 11:714–719 (correction 12:417)
Kaiser KLE, Esterby SR (1991) Regression and cluster analysis of the acute toxicity of 267 chemicals to six species of biota and the octanol/water partition coefficient. Sci Total Environ 109–110: 499–514
Kenaga EE (1978) Test organisms and methods useful for early assessment of acute toxicity of chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 12:1322–1329
Kerster HW, Schaeffer DJ (1983) Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii as a teratogen system. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7:342–349
Khangarot BS, Ray PK (1989) Investigation of correlation between physicochemical properties of metals and their toxicity to the water flea Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 18:109–120
Kimerle RA, Werner AF, Adams WJ (1985) Aquatic hazard evaluation principles applied to the development of water quality criteria. In: Cardwell RD, Purdy R, Bahner RC (eds) Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Seventh Symposium, ASTM STP 854. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 538–547
Lange AW (1992) The O.E.C.D. test guidelines programme. An outlook. In: Steinberg C, Kettrup A (eds) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicological Relevance of the Test Methods. November 19–20, 1990. GSF-Forshungszentrum, Neuherberg, Germany, pp 149–163
LeBlanc GA (1984) Interspecies relationship in acute toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 3:47–60
Macrae WD, Hudson JB, Towers GH (1988) Studies on the pharmacological activity of Amazonian Euphorbiaceae. J Ethnopharmacol 22:143–172
Massart DL, Vandeginste BGM, Deming SN, Michotte Y, Kaufman L (1988) Clustering Techniques, Chapter 22. In: Vandeginste BGM, Kaufman L (eds) Chemometrics: A textbook. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 371–384
Mayer FL, Ellersieck MR (1986) Manual of acute toxicity: Interpretation and data base for 410 chemicals and 66 species of freshwater animals, Reserve Publication 160. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Services, Washington, DC
Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobsen LB, Nichols DE, McLaughlin JL (1982) Brine shrimp: A convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta Med 45:31–34
Microbics (1989) a Microtox manual: How to run toxicity test using the Microtox® Model 500.
Miller DD (1990) Structure-activity relationship and drug design. In: Gennaro AR (ed) Remington's pharmaceutical sciences, 18th ed. Mack Publishing Co, PA, pp 422–432
Nendza M, Klein W (1990) Comparative QSAR study on freshwater and estuarine toxicity. Aquat Toxicol 17:63–74
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (1984) Daphnia species, acute immobilization test and reproduction test. In: OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 202, April 4, 1984, pp 1–16
Park DL, Aguirre Flores I, Scott WF, Alterman E (1986) Evaluation of chicken embryo, brine shrimp, and bacterial bioassays for saxitoxin. J Toxicol Environ Health 18:589–594
Persoone G, Janssen C (1993) Field validation of predictions based on laboratory toxicity tests. In: Hill IR, Heimbach F, Leeuwangh P, Matthiessen P (eds) Proceedings of the European Workshop on Freshwater Field Tests, Potsdam, Germany, June 25–26 1992. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp 393–411
Qureshi AA, Flood KW, Thompson SR, Janhurst SM, Inniss CS, Rokosh DA (1982) Comparison of a luminescent bacterial test with other bioassays for determining toxicity of pure compounds and complex effluents. In: Pearson JG, Foster RB, Bishop WE (eds) Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Fifth Conference, ASTM STP 766. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 179–195
Richardson KE, Hamilton PB (1990) Comparative toxicity of scirpentriol and its acetylated derivatives. Poultry Sci 69:397–402
Savard ME, Miller JD, Salleh B, Strange RN (199) Chlamydosporol, a new metabolite from Fusarium chlamydosporum. Mycopathol 110:177-181
Smith JN (1977) Comparative detoxification of invertebrates. In: Parke DV, Smith RL (eds) Drug metabolism—from microbe to man. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 219–232
Snell TW, Persoone G (1989) Acute toxicity bioassays using rotifers. II. A freshwater test with Brachionus rubens. Aquat Toxicol 14:81–92
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Biometry, 2nd ed. WH Freeman, NY
Stadtlander K, Lawohnus H (1990) Yeast cells as a test system for evaluating the toxicity of chemicals. ALTA 17:203–206
Stoessl A, Cole RJ, Abramowski A, Lester HH, Towers GH (1989) Some biological properties of traversianal, a strongly molluscidal diterpenoid aldehyde from Cercospora traversiana. Mycopathol 106:41–46
Suarez G, Guarro J, Calvo MA (1981) Toxicological study of fungi isolated from starches intended for human consumption. Mycopathol 75:27–31
Suter GW II, Vaughan DS, Gardner RH (1983) Risk assessment by analysis of extrapolation error: A demonstration for effects of pollutants on fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2:369–378
Vanhaecke P, Persoone G, Claus C, Sorgeloos P (1980) Research on the development of a short-term standard toxicity test with Artemia nauplii. In: Persoone G, Sorgeloos P, Roels O, Jaspers E (eds) The brine shrimp, Vol. 1, Morphology, genetics, radiobiology, toxicology. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, pp 263–285
Vanhaecke P, Persoone G (1981) Report on an intercalibration exercise on a short-term standard toxicity test with Artemia nauplii (ARC-Test). In: Leclerc H, Dive D (eds) Les tests de toxicité aigue en milieu aquatique, Les Colloques de I'INSERM, Vol. 106. Ministere de la Sante, Institut National de la Santé et de la Reserche Medicale (INSERM), Paris, pp 359–376
Vasseur P, Ferard JF, Rast C, Larbraight G (1984) Luminescent marine bacteria in ecotoxicity screening tests of complex effluents. In: Dutka BJ, Liu D (eds) Toxicity screening using bacterial systems. Marcel Dekker, NY, pp 23–35
Vittozi L, De Angelis G (1991) A critical review of comparative acute toxicity data on freshwater fish. Aquat Toxicol 19:167–204
Visconti A, Minervini F, Solfrizzo M, Bottalico C, Lucivero G (1992) Toxicity of some Fusarium section Sporotrichiella strains in relation to mycotoxin production. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:769–772
Vosser JL (1986) The European Community chemicals notification scheme and environmental hazard assessment. In: Richardson ML (ed) Toxic hazard assessment of chemicals. Whitstable Litho Ltd., Kent, UK, pp 117–132
Wang Y, Toyota M, Krause F, Hamburger M, Hostettmann K (1990) Polyacetylenes from Artemisia borealis and their biological activities. Phytochem 29:3101–3105
Watson DH, Lindsay DG (1982) A critical review of biological methods for the detection of fungal toxins in foods and foodstuffs. J Sci Fd Agric 33:59–67
Willett P (1982) A comparison of some hierarchal agglomerative clustering algorithms for structure-property correlation. Anal Chim Acta 136:29–37
Wilson ME, Davis ND, Diener UL (1986) A toxic metabolite of Nigrospora oryzae (Berck and Br.) petch. Mycopathol 95:133–138
Wold S, Esbensen K, Geladi P (1987) Principal component analysis. Chemometrics Intell Lab Sys 2:37–52
Wood GM, Mann PJ, Lewis DF, Reid WJ, Moss MO (1990) Studies on a toxic metabolite from mould Wallemia. Fd Addit Contam 7:69–77
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Calleja, M.C., Persoone, G. & Geladi, P. Comparative acute toxicity of the first 50 Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity chemicals to aquatic non-vertebrates. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26, 69–78 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212796
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212796