Abstract
Some manganese nodules from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean have been studied. The structural study with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) as well as the mineralogical studies or leaching experiments show that the oxide layer is supported by a frame of material derived from the core, being amorphous silica when the core is made of silicates, and calcium phosphate when the core is made of calcium phosphate.
It is to be concluded that, for these nodules, the most probable origin is a volcanic origin.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arrhenius, G.; Bonatti, E.: Neptunism and volcanism in the ocean. In: M. SEARS ed. Progress in Oceanography, vol. 3, N. Y. Pergamon press. 7–22 (1965)
Belderson, R. H.: Laughton, A. S.: Correlation of some Atlantic turbidites. Sedimentology, 7, 103–116 (1966)
Bender, M. L.: Does upward diffusion supply excess manganese in pelagic sediments? Journ. Geophys. Res. vol. 76, no 18, 4212–4215 (1971)
-- Mechanism of trace removal from the ocean. In: Ferromanganese deposits on the ocean floor. Papers from a conference held at Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory. D. R. Horn ed. I. D. O. E. -N. S. F. 73–80 (1972)
Bonatti, E., Kraemer, T. Rydell, H.: Classification and genesis of submarine iron manganese deposits. In: Ferromanganese deposits on the ocean floor. Papers from a conference held at Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory. D. R. Horn ed. I. D. O. E. -N. S. F. 149–166 (1972)
Bonatti, E., Nayudu, R.: The origin of manganese nodules on the ocean floor. Amer. Journ. Sci. vol. 263, 17–39 (1965)
Bostrom, K.: Submarine volcanism as a source of iron. Earth Planet. Sc. Let. vol. 9, 348–354 (1970)
Bostrom, K., Peterson, N. A.: Precipitates from hydrothermal exhalations on the east Pacific rise. Econ. Geol. vol. 61, 1258–1265 (1966)
Burns, R. G., Brown, B. A.: Nucleation and mineralogical controls on the composition of manganese nodules. In: Ferromanganese deposits on the ocean floor. Papers from a conference held at Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory. D. R. Horn ed. I. D. O. E. -N. S. F. 51–62 (1972)
Dapples, E. C.: Silica as an agent in diagenesis. In: Developments in sedimentology: Diagenesis in sediments, G. Larsen and G. V. Chilingar ed. Elsevier Publ. Co. Amsterdam, London, New York. 323–342 (1967)
Ehrlich, H. L.: Bacteriology of manganese nodules: I. Bacterial action on manganese in nodules enrichment. Appl. Microb. vol. 21, no11, 11–19 (1963)
-- Bacteriology of manganese nodules: II. Manganese oxidation by cell free extract from a manganese nodule bacterium. Appl. Microb. 197–202 (1968)
-- The role of microbes in the manganese nodule genesis and degradation. In: Ferromanganese deposits on the ocean floor. Papers from a conference held at Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory. D. R. Horn ed. I. D. O. E. -N. S. F. 63–70 (1972)
Goldberg, E. D., Arrhenius, G.: Chemistry of Pacific sediments. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, vol. 13, 153–212 (1958)
Graham, J. W., Cooper, S. C.: Biological origin of manganese rich deposits of the sea floor. Nature vol. 183, 1050–1051 (1959)
Hoffert, M., Lalou, C., Brichet, E., Bonte, P., Jehanno, C.: Présence en Atlantique Nord de nodules de manganese à noyaux d'attapulgite et de phillipsite authigène. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, Tome 281, 231–233 (1975)
Kornbrobst, C., Michard, G.: Remobilisation du manganese au sommet des sédiments actuels: Exemples. Première réunion annuelle des Sciences de la Terre, Paris, Abstract. 242 (1973)
Krauskopf, K. B.: Dissolution and precipitation of silica at low temperatures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. vol. 10, 1–26 (1956)
Ku, T. L., Broecker, W. S.: Radiochemical studies of manganese nodules of deep sea origin. Deep Sea Res. vol. 16, 625–637 (1969)
Lalou, C., Brichet, E., Legressus, C.: Etude d'un nodule de manganese au microscope electronique à balayage et par microanalyse X: Implication dans le mode de formation des nodules. Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. tome 49, fasc. 1, 5–17 (1973)
Lynn, C., Bonatti, E.: Mobility of manganese in diagenesis of deep sea sediments. Marine Geol. vol. 3, 457–474 (1965)
Manheim, F. T.: Manganese iron accumulation in the shallow marine environment. Narragansett Marine Laboratory. Occ. Publ. no 3, University of Rhode Island (1965)
Michard, G.: Processus d'oxydoreduction dans les sédiments océaniques. Première réunion annuelle des Sciences de la Terre. Paris, Abstract. 30 (1973)
Monty, C.: Les nodules de manganese sont des stromatolithes océaniques. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, tome 276, 3285–3288 (1973)
Murray, J., Irvine, R.: On the manganese oxides and manganese nodules in marine deposits. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 37, 721–742 (1895)
Murray, J., Renard, A. F.: Report on deep sea deposits based on specimen collected during the voyage of H. S. M. Challenger. London 525 p. (1891)
Okamoto, G., Okura, T., Goto, K.: Properties of silica in water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta vol. 12, 123–132 (1957)
White, D. E., Brannock, W. V., Murata, K. J.: Silica in hot spring waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, vol. 10, 27–59 (1956)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lalou, C., Brichet, E. On some relationships between the oxide layers and the cores of deep sea manganese nodules. Mineral. Deposita 11, 267–277 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203078
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203078