Summary
Interferon, a product of mammalian tissues, was originally described as an antiviral agent over twenty years ago. Only in the past few years has evidence started to accumulate that interferon actually played a role in vivo in natural virus infections.
Initially, evidence was accumulated showing that interferon could inhibit the replication of many viruses in vitro. The interferon, through induction of a second antiviral protein, could inhibit in vitro viral transcription or translation. Later, indirect evidence for an effect of interferon on in vivo viral infections was obtained by showing that (a) a temporal relationship existed between the appearance of interferon in viral infections and the progress of the infection and (b) treatment of virally infected animals with exogenous interferon or interferon inducer often resulted in less severe infections.
The most recent and direct evidence for a role for interferon in natural viral infections involves the use of an anti-interferon globulin. In several cases, injection of the anti-interferon globulin into animals infected with a wide variety of viruses resulted in a severely altered course of infection. These studies suggest that interferon is directly involved in the progress of viral infections. The involvement of the interferon in the viral infections could be a direct effect of the interferon on viral replication, or an interaction of the interferon with other host defenses, such as the immune system.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aboud, M., Shoor, R., Salzberg, S.: Effect of interferon on exogenous murine leukemia virus infection. Virology 84, 134 (1978)
Adams, A. Strander, H., Cantell, K.: Sensitivity of Epstein-Barr virus transformed human lymphoid cell lines to interferon. J. Gen. Virol. 28, 207 (1975)
Alison, A. C.: Interference with, and interferon production by polyoma virus. Virology 15, 47 (1961)
Allen, P. T., Schellehens, H., Van Griensven, L. J. L. D., Billiau., A.: Differential sensitivity of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MuLV-R) to interferons in two interferon responsive cell lines. J. Gen. Virol. 31, 429 (1976)
Ankel, H., Chany, C., Galliot, B., Chevalier, M. J., Robert, M.: Antiviral effect of interferon covalently bound to sepharose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 2360 (1973)
Aoki, F. V., Reed, S. E., Craig, J. W., Tyrell, D. A., L. J. Lees: Effect of a polynucleotide interferon inducer of fungal origin on experimental rhinovirus infection in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 137, 82 (1978)
Armstrong, J. A.: Semimicro, dye-binding assay for rabbit interferon. Appl. Microbiol. 21, 723 (1971)
Armstrong, R. W., Merigan, T. C.: Varicella zoster virus: Interferon production and comparative interferon sensitivity in human cell cultures. J. Gen. Virol. 12, 53 (1971)
Arvin, A. M., Feldman, D., Merigan, T. C.: Human leukocyte interferon in the treatment of varicella in children with cancer: a preliminary controlled trial. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 13, 605 (1978)
Arvin, A. M., Yeager, A. S., Merigan, T. C.: Effect of leukocyte interferon on urinary excretion of cytomegalovirus by infants. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement, A205 (1976)
Asch, B. B., Gifford, G. E.: Fowlpox virus: Interferon production and sensitivity Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 135, 177 (1970)
Atanasiv, P., Chany, C.: Action d'un interféron provenant de cellules malignes sur l'infection expérimentale du hamster nouveau-né par le virus du polyome. C. R. Acad. Sci. [D] (Paris) 251, 1687 (1960)
Babiuk, L. A., Rouse, B. T.: Immune interferon production by lymphoid cells: Role in the inhibition of herpesviruses. Infect. Immun. 13, 1567 (1976)
Bader, J. P.: Production of interferon by chick embryo cells exposed to Rous sarcoma virus. Virology 16, 436 (1962)
Baer, G. M., Shaddock, J. H., Moore, S. A., Yager, P. A., Baron, S., Levy, H. B.: Successful prophylaxis against rabies in mice and rhesus monkeys. The interferon system and vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 136, 286 (1977)
Baglion, C., Minks, M. A., Maroney, P. A.: Interferon action may be mediated by activation of a nuclease by pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A. Nature 273, 684 (1978)
Baron, S., Buckler, C. E.: Circulating interferon in mice after intravenous injection of virus. Science 141, 1061 (1963)
Baron, S., Buckler, C. E., Friedman, R. M., McCloskey, R. V.: Role of interferon during viremia. II. Protective action of circulating interferon. J. Immunol. 96, 17 (1966)
Baxt, B., Sonnabend, J. A., Bablanian, R.: Effects of interferon on vesicular stomatitis virus transcription and translation. J. Gen. Virol. 35, 325 (1977)
Berman, L. P.: Inhibition of the oncogenicity of murine sarcoma virus (Harvey) in mice by interferon. Nature 227, 1349 (1970)
Besancon, F., Ankel, H.: Inhibition of interferon action by plant lectins. Nature 250, 784 (1974)
Besancon, F., Ankel, H.: Binding of interferon to gangliosides. Nature 252, 478 (1974)
Billiau, A.: Sensitivity of oncornavirus-carrier lines to the antiviral and growth-inhibitory properties of interferon. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Clinical Use of Interferon. p. 229. Zagreb: Yugoslavia Academy of Sciences and Arts 1975
Billiau, A., Edy, V. G., DeClercq, E., Heremans, H., DeSomer, P.: Influence of interferon on the synthesis of virus particles in oncornavirus carrier cell lines. III. Survey of effects on A-, B- and C-Type oncornaviruses. Int. J. Cancer 15, 947 (1975)
Billiau, A., Edy, V. G., Sobis, H., DeSomer, P.: Influence of interferon on virus particle synthesis in oncornavirus-carrier lines. II. Evidence for a direct effect on particle release. Int. J. Cancer 14, 335 (1974)
Billiau, A., Heremans, H., Allen, P. T., DeMaeyer-Guignard, J., DeSomer, P.: Trapping of oncornavirus particles on the surface of interferon-treated cells. Virology 73, 537 (1976)
Billiau, A., Heremans, H., Allen, P. T., DeSomer, P.: Influence of interferon on the synthesis of virus particles in oncornavirus carrier lines. IV. Relevance to the potential application of interferon in natural infectious diseases. J. Infect. Dis. 133, Supplement A51 (1976)
Blalock, J. E., Baron, S.: Interferon-induced transfer of viral resistance between animal cells. Nature 269, 422 (1977)
Brodeur, B. R., Merigan, T. C.: Suppressive effect of interferon on the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells in mice. J. Immunol. 113, 1319 (1974)
Brodeur, B. R., Merigan, T. C.: Mechanism of the suppressive effect of interferon on antibody synthesis in vivo. J. Immunol. 114, 1323 (1975)
Buckler, C. E., Wong, K. T., Baron, S.: Induction of the interferon system by various inducers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 127, 1258 (1968)
Burke, D. C., Isaacs, A.: Interferon: Relation to heterologous interference and lack of antigenicity. Acta Virol. (Praha) 4, 215 (1960)
Came, P. E., Schafer, T. W., Silver, G. H.: Sensitivity of rhinoviruses to human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement, A137 (1976)
Cantell, K., Tommila, V.: Effect of interferon on experimental vaccinia and herpes simplex virus infections in rabbuts' eyes. Lancet 2, 682 (1960)
Chang, E. H., Mims, S. J., Trichez, T. J., Friedman, R. M.: Interferon inhibits mouse leukemia virus release: an electrom microscope study. J. Gen. Virol. 34, 363 (1977)
Chang, E. H., Myers, M. W., Wong, P. K. Y., Friedman, R. M.: The inhibitory effect of interferon on a temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney leukemia virus. Virology 77, 625 (1977)
Chany, C.: Membrane-bound interferon specific cell receptor system: role in the establishment and amplification of the antiviral system. Biomedicine 25, 148 (1976)
Chirigos, M. A., Pearson, J. W.: Cure of murine leukemia with drug and interferon treatment. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51, 1367 (1973)
Collins, A. R., Flanagan, T. D.: Interferon production and response to exogenous interferon in two cell lines of mouse brain origin persistently infected with Sendai virus. Arch. Virol. 53, 313 (1977)
Dahl, H., Degre, M.: Human interferon and cell growth inhibition. I. Inhibitory effect of human interferon on the growth rate of cultured cells. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. [B] 84, 285 (1976)
DeClercq, E., Edy, V. G., DeVlieger, H., Eeckels, R., Desmyter, J.: Intrathecal administration of interferon in neonatal herpes. J. Pediatr. 86, 736 (1975)
DeClercq, E., Stewart, W. E., II.: The breadth of interferon action. In: Selective inhibitors of viral functions, Carter, W. A., ed., p. 81. Cleveland: CRC Press, 1973
DeClercq, E., Stewart, W. E., II: Regression of autochthonous Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumors in mice treated with polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52, 591 (1974)
DeMaeyer, E., DeMaeyer-Guignard, J. D., Vandeputte, M.: Inhibition by interferon of delayed type hypersensitivity in the mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1753 (1975)
DeMaeyer-Guignard, J., Cachard, A., DeMaeyer, E.: Delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells: Inhibition of sensitization by interferon. Science 190, 574 (1975)
DeMaeyer-Guignard, J., Thang, M. N., DeMaeyer, E.: Binding of mouse interferon to polynucleotides Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3787 (1977)
DeMaeyer-Guignard, J., Tovey, M. G., Gresser, I., DeMaeyer, E.: Purification of mouse interferon by sequential affinity chromatography on poly (U)- and antibody-agarose columns. Nature 271, 622 (1978)
Denys, P., Jr.: Protective effect of interferon in rats infected with Sindbis Virus. Lancet, 2, 174 (1963)
Desmyter, J., DeGroote, J., Desmet, V. J., Billiau, A., Ray, M. B., Bradburne, A. F., Edy, V. G., DeSomer, P., Mortelmans, J.: Administration of human fibroblast interferon in chronic hepatitis-B. Lancet 2, 645 (1976)
Donahoe, R. M., Huang, K. Y.: Interferon preparations enhance phagocytosis in vivo. Infect. Immun. 13, 1250 (1976)
Douglas, R. G., Jr., Betts, R. F.: Effect of induced interferon in experimental rhinovirus infections in volunteers. Infect. Immun. 9, 506 (1974)
Douglas, R. G., Jr., Betts, R. F., Simons, R. L., Hogan, P. W., Roth, F. K.: Evaluation of a topical interferon inducer in experimental influenza infection in volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 8, 684 (1975)
Edmond, R. T. D., Evans, B., Bowen, E. T. W., Lloyd, G.: A case of Ebola virus infection. Br. Med. J. 2, 541 (1977)
Emodi, G., O'Reilly, R., Muller, A., Everson, L. K., Binswanger, U., Just, M.: Effect of human exogenous levlicyte interferon in cytomegalovirus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement, A199 (1976)
Emodi, G., Rufli, T., Just, M., Hernandez, R.: Human interferon therapy for herpes zoster in adults. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 7, 1 (1975)
Epstein, L. B., Cline, M. J., Merigan, T. C.: The interaction of human macrophages and lymphocytes in the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated production of interferon. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 744 (1971)
Epstein, L. B., Cline, M. J., Merigan, T. C.: PPD stimulated interferon: In vitro macrophagelymphocyte interaction in the production of a mediator of cellular immunity. Cell. Immunol. 2, 602 (1971)
Fauconnier, B.: Augmentation de la pathogénicité virale par l'emploi de sérum anti-interféron in vivo. C. R. Acad. Sci. [D] (Paris) 271, 1464 (1970)
Fauconnier, B.: Effet du sérum anti-interféron sur la pathogénicité virale expérimentale in vivo. Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 19, 575 (1971)
Fauconnier, B.: Enhancing effect of interferon antiserum on viral growth. Nature 222, 185 (1976)
Feldman, S., Hughes, W. T., Darlington, R. W., Kim, H. K.: Evaluation of topical polyinosinic acidpolycytidylic acid in treatment of localized herpes zoster in children with cancer: A randomized, double-blind controlled study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 8, 289 (1975)
Fiala, M.: Susceptibility to and production of interferon by rhinovirus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 127, 491 (1968)
Field, A. K., Tytell, A. A., Lampson, G. P., Hilleman, M. R.: Inducers of interferon and host resistance II. Multistranded synthetic polynucleotide complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58, 1004 (1967)
Finter, N. B.: Interferon as an antiviral agent in vivo: Quantitative and temporal aspects of the protection of mice against Semliki Forest virus. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 47, 361 (1966)
Finter, N. B.: Exogenous interferon in animals and its clinical implications. Arch. Intern. Med. 126, 147 (1970)
Finter, N. B.: Interferon production and sensitivity of Semliki Forest Virus variants. J. Hyg. (Camb) 62, 337 (1974)
Freeman, A. I., Al-Bussam, N., O'Malley, J., Stutzman, L., Bjornsson, S., Carter, W. A.: Pharmacologic effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in man. J. Med. Virol. 1, 79 (1977)
Friedman, R. M.: Antiviral activity of interferons. Bacteriol. Rev. 41, 543 (1977)
Friedman, R. M., Chang, E. H., Ramseur, J. M., Myers, M. W.: Interferon-directed inhibition of chronic murine leukemia virus production in cell cultures: Lack of effect on intracellular viral markers. J. Virol. 16, 569 (1975)
Friedman, R. M., Costa, J. C., Ramseur, S. M., Meyers, M. W., Jay, F. T., Chang, E. H.: Persistance of viral genome in interferon-treated cells infected with oncogenic or nononcogenic viruses. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement, A43 (1976)
Friedman, R. M., Kohn, L. D.: Cholera toxin inhibits interferon action Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 70, 1078 (1976)
Friedman, R. M., Ramseur, J. M.: Inhibition of murine leukemia virus production in chronically infected AKR cells: A novel effect of interferon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 3542 (1974)
Friedman, R. M., Sonnabend, J. A.: Inhibition of interferon action by p-fluorophenyl alanine. Nature 203, 366 (1964)
From the NIH.: Data by computer from the NIH. Interferon's role in asthmatic attacks. JAMA 240, 1231 (1978)
Fruitstone, M. J., Waddell, G. H., Sigel, M. M.: An interferon produced in response to infection with herpes simplex virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117, 804 (1964)
Gallagher, J. G., Khoobyarian, N.: Adenovirus susceptibility to interferon: Sensitivity of types 2, 7, and 12 to human interferon. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 130, 137 (1969)
Gisler, N. H., Lindahl, P., Gresser, I.: Effects of interferon on antibody synthesis in vitro. J. Immunol. 113, 438 (1974)
Glasgow, L. A., Hanshaw, J. B., Merigan, T. C., Petralli, J. K.: Interferon and cytomegalovirus in vivo and in vitro. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 125, 843 (1967)
Greenberg, H. B., Pollard, R. B., Lutwick, L. I., Gregory, P. B., Robinson, W. S., Merigan, T. C.: Effect of human leukocyte interferon on hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic active hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 295, 517 (1976)
Gresser, I.: Antitumor effects of interferon. Adv. Cancer Res. 16, 97 (1972)
Gresser, I.: Commentary on the varied biological effects of interferon. Cell. Immunol. 34, 406 (1977)
Gresser, I., Berman, L., de-The, G., Brouty-Boye, D., Coppey, J., Falcoff, E.: Interferon and murine leukemia. V. Effect of interferon preparations on the evolution of Rauscher disease in mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 41, 505 (1968)
Gresser, I., Bourali, C., Thomas, M. T., Falcoff, E.: Effect of repeated inoculation of interferon preparations on injection of mice with encephalomyocarditis virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Med. 127, 491 (1968)
Gresser, I., Coppey, J., Bourali, C.: Interferon and murine leukemia. VI. Effect of interferon preparations on the lymphoid leukemia of AKR mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 43, 1083 (1969)
Gresser, I., Coppey, J., Falcoff, E., Fontaine, D.: Interferon and murine leukemia. I. Inhibitory effect of interferon preparations on development of Friend leukemia in mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 124, 84 (1967)
Gresser, I., Coppey, J., Fontaine-Brouty-Boye, D., Falcoff, R., Falcoff, E., Zajdela, F.: Interferon and murine leukemia. III: Efficacy of interferon preparations administered after inoculation of Friend virus. Nature 215, 174 (1967)
Gresser, I., Maury, C., Tovey, M.: Interferon and murine leukemia. VII. Therapeutic effect of interferon preparations after diagnosis of lymphoma in AKR mice. Int. J. Cancer 17, 647 (1976)
Gresser, I., Maury, C., Tovey, M.: Efficacy of combined interferon cyclophosphamide therapy after diagnosis of lymphoma in AKR mice. Eur. J. Cancer 14, 97 (1978)
Gresser, I., Tovey, M. G., Bandu, M. T., Maury, C., Brouty-Boye, D.: Role of interferon in the pathogenesis of virus diseases in mice as demonstrated by the use of anti-interferon serum. I. Rapid evolution of encephalomyocarditis virus infection. J. Exp. Med. 144, 1305 (1976)
Gresser, I., Tovey, M. G., Bourali-Maury, C.: Efficacy of exogenous interferon treatment initiated after onset of multiplication of vesicular stomatitis virus in the brains of mice. J. Gen. Vir. 27, 395 (1975)
Gresser, I., Tovey, M. G., Maury, C., Bandu, M. T.: Role of interferon in the pathogenesis of virus diseases in mice as demonstrated by the use of anti-interferon serum. II. Studies with herpes simplex, Moloney sarcoma, vesicular stomatites, Newcastle disease, and influenza viruses. J. Exp. Med. 144, 1316 (1976)
Grossberg, S. E., Scherer, W.: Inapparent viral infection of cells in vitro II. An interferon produced in chicken embryonic cell cultures inoculated with Japanese encephalitis virus. Am. J. Pathol. 45, 519 (1964)
Guillon, J. D., Gresser, I.: Rôle de l'interféron dans la pathogénèse d'une infection herpétique expérimentale chez la souris, Ann. Microbiol. Paris 129A, 207 (1978)
Hamburg, S. I., Manejias, R. E., Rabinovitch, M.: Macrophage activation: increased ingestion of Ig G-coated erythrocytes after administration of interferon inducers to mice. J. Exp. Med. 142, 593 (1978)
Harmon, M. W., Janis, B.: Therapy of murine rabies after exposure: efficacy of polyriboinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid alone and in combination with three rabies vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 132, 241 (1975)
Harmon, M. W., Janis, B., Levy, H. B.: Post-exposure prophylaxis of murine rabies with polylinosinic-polycytidylic acid and chlorite-oxidized amylose. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 6, 507 (1974)
Havell, E. A., Berman, B., Ogburn, C. A., Berg, K., Paucker, K., Vilček, J.: Two antigenically distinct species of human interferon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 2185 (1975)
Henle, W., Henle, G., Dienhard, T. F., Bergs, V. V.: Studies on persistent infections in tissue cultures. IV. Evidence for the production of an interferon in MCN cells by myxoviruses. J. Exp. Med. 110, 525 (1959)
Heremans, H., Billiau, A., Colombatti, A., Hilgers, J., Desomer, P.: Interferon treatment of NZB mice: Accelerated progression of autoimmune disease. Infect. Immun. 21, 925 (1978)
Hilfenhaus, J., Karges, H. E., Weinmann, E., Barth, R.: Effect of administered human interferon on experimental rabies in monkeys. Infect. Immun. 11, 1156 (1975)
Hirsch, M. S., Ellis, D. A., Proffit, M. R., Black, P. H., Chirigos, M. A.: Effects of interferon on leukemia virus activation in graft versus host disease. Nature 244, 102 (1973)
Hirsch, M. S., Ellis, D. A., Black, P. H., Monaco, A. P., Wood, M. L.: Immunosuppressive effects of an interferon preparation in vivo. Transplantation 17, 234 (1975)
Ho, M.: Interferon-like viral inhibition in rabbits after intravenous administration of endotoxin. Science 146, 1472 (1964)
Ho, M., Enders, J. F.: Further studies on an inhibitor of viral activity appearing in infected cell cultures and its role in chronic viral infections. Virology 9, 446 (1959)
Ho, M., Nash, C., Morgan, C. W., Armstrong, S. A., Carrol, R. G., Postic, B.: Interferon administered in the cerebrospinal space and its effect on rabies in rabbits. Infect. Immun. 9, 286 (1974)
Holmes, A. R., Rasmussen, L., Merigan, T. C.: Factors affecting the interferon sensitivity of human cytomegalovirus. Intervirology 9, 48 (1978)
Huang, K. Y., Donahoe, R. M., Gordon, F. B., Dressler, H. R.: Enhancement of phagocytosis by interferon-containing preparations. Infect. Immun. 4, 581 (1971)
Isaacs, A., Burke, D. C., Fadeeva, L.: Effect of interferon on the growth of viruses on the chick chorion. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 39, 32 (1958)
Isaacs, A., Lindenmann, J.: Virus interference. I. The Interferon. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.] 147, 258 (1957)
Isaacs, A., Lindenmann, J., Valentine, R. C.: Virus interference. II. Some properties of interferon Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.] 147, 268 (1957)
Ito, Y., Montagnier, L.: Heterogeneity of the sensitivity of vesicular stomatitis virus to interferons. Infect. Immun. 18, 23 (1977)
Iwasak, T., Nozima, T.: Defense mechanisms against primary influence virus infection in mice. I. The roles of interferon and neutralizing antibodies and thymus dependence of interferon and antibody production. J. Immunol. 118, 256 (1977)
Jankowski, W. J., Davey, M. W., O'Malley, J. A., Sulkowski, E., Carter, W. A.: Molecular structure of human fibroblast and leukocyte interferons: Probe by lectin and hydrophobic chemotography. J. Virol. 16, 1124 (1975)
Joklik, W. K., Merigan, T. C.: Concerning the mechanism of action of interferon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 56, 588 (1966)
Johnson, H. M., Baron, S.: Regulatory role of interferons in the immune response. IRCS J. Med. Sci. 4, 50 (1976)
Johnson, H. M., Smith, B. G., Baron, S.: Inhibition of the primary in vitro antibody response by interferon preparations. J. Immunol. 114, 403 (1975)
Johnson, H. M., Stanton, G. J., Baron, S.: Relative ability of mitogens to stimulate production of interferon by lymphoid cells and to induce suppression of the in vitro immune response. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 154, 138 (1977)
Johnson, M. L., duBuy, H. G.: Effect of a potent inducer on acute and chronic lactic dehydrogenase virus viremia. Infect. Immun. 11, 113 (1975)
Jones, B. R., Coster, D. S., Falcon, M. G., Cantell, K.: Clinical trials of topical interferon therapy of ulcerative viral keratitis. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement, A169 (1976)
Jones, B. R., Coster, D. J., Falcon, M. G., Cantell, K.: Topical therapy of ulcerative keratitis with human interferon. Lancet, 128 (1976)
Jordan, G. W., Fried, R. P., Merigan, T. C.: Administration of human leukocyte interferon in herpes zoster. I. Safety, circulating antiviral activity and host responses to infection. J. Infect. Dis. 130, 56 (1974)
Kaufman, H. E., Meyer, R. F., Laibson, P. R., Waltman, S. R., Nesburn, A. B., Shuster, J. J.: Human leukocyte interferon for the prevention of recurrences of herpetic keratitis. J. Infect. Dis. 133 supplement, A165 (1976)
Katz, E., Margulith, E., Winer, B.: Inhibition of herpesvirus deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis by tilerone hydrochloride. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 9, 189 (1976)
Kern, E. R., Overall, J. C., Jr., Glasgow, L. E.: Herpesvirus hominis infection in newborn mice treatment with the interferon induce polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 7, 793 (1975)
Kerr, I. M., Brown, R. E., Hovanessian, A. G.: Nature of inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis formed in response to interferon and double-stranded RNA. Nature 268, 540 (1977)
Killander, D., Lindahl, P., Lundin, L., Leary, P., Gresser, I.: Relationship between the enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigens on interferon treated L-1210 cells and their position in the cell cycle. Eur. J. Immunol. 6, 56 (1976)
Kirchner, H., Hirt, H. M., Becker, H., Munk, K.: Production of an antiviral factor by murine spleen cells after treatment with Corynebacterium parvum. Cell. Immunol. 31, 172 (1977)
Kirchner, H., Hirt, H. M., Munk, K.: Protection against herpex simplex virus infection in mice by Corynebacterium parvum. Infect. Immun. 16, 9 (1977)
Knight, E.: Interferon-sepharose: Induction of the antiviral state. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 56, 860 (1974)
Knight, E.: Heterogeneity of purified mouse interferons. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4139 (1975)
Knight, E.: Interferon: Purification and characterization from human diploid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 520 (1976)
Kohn, L. D., Friedman, R. M., Holmes, J. M., Lee, G.: Use of thyrotropin and choletoxin to probe the mechanism by which interferon initiates its antiviral activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3695 (1976)
Kohno, S., Buckler, C. E., Levy, H. B., Baron, S.: Elution of cell-bound interferon as a cause of development of antiviral activity subsequent to washing of interferon-treated cell cultures. IRCS J. Med. Sci. 3, 57 (1975)
Kobza, K., Emodi, G., Just, M., Hilte, E., Levenbergor, A., Binswangor, V., Thiel, G., Brunner, F. P.: Treatment of herpes infection with human exogenous interferon. Lancet 1, 1343 (1975)
Kuehne, A. W., Pannier, W. L., Stephen, E. L.: Evaluation of various analogues of tilerone hydrochloride against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11, 92 (1977)
Kuwata, T., Fuse, A., Moringa, N.: Effects of interferon upon cell or virus growth in transformed human cell lines. J. Gen. Virol. 33, 7 (1976)
Lai, P. K., Alpers, M. P., Mackay-Scolly, E. M.: Epstein-Barr herpesvirus infection: Inhibition by immunologically induced mediators with interferon-like properties. Int. J. Cancer 20, 21 (1977)
Lampson, G. P., Tytell, A. A., Nemes, M. M., Hilleman, M. R.: Purification and characterization of chick embryo interferon. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 112, 468 (1963)
Larsson, A., Forsgren, M., Hard, A. F., Segerstad, S., Strander, H., Cantell, K.: Administration of interferon to an infant with congenital rubella syndrome involving persistant vicemia and cutaneous vasculitis. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 65, 105 (1976)
Laufs, R., Stemke, H., Jacobs, C., Hilfenhaus, J., Karges, H.: Influence of interferon on the replication of oncogenic herpes viruses in tissue culture and nonhuman primates. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.) 160, 285 (1974)
Lebon, P., Moreau, M. C., Cohen, L., Chany, C.: Different effect of ouabain on interferon production and action. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 149, 108 (1975)
Lerner, A. M., Bailey, E. J.: Differential sensitivity of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 to human interferon: Antiviral effects of interferon plus 9-B-D arabino furanosyladenine. J. Infect. Dis. 134, 400 (1976)
Levy, H. B., Baer, G., Baron, S., Buckler, C. E., Gibbs, C. J., Fadarola, M. J., London, W. T., Rice, J.: A modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex that induces interferon in primates. J. Infect. Dis. 132, 434 (1975)
Levy, H. B., London, W., Fuccillo, D. A., Baron, S., Rice, J.: Prophylactic control of Simian hemorrhagic fever in monkeys by an interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid. J. Infect Dis. 133 Supplement, A256 (1976)
Levy, H. B., Lvorsky, E.: Topical treatment of vaccinia virus infection with an interferon inducer in rabbits. J. Infect. Dis. 137, 78 (1978)
Lieberman, M., Merigan, T. C., Kaplan, H. S.: Inhibition of radiogenic lymphoma development in mice by interferon. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 138, 575 (1971)
Lindahl, P., Gresser, I., Leary, P., Tovey, M.: Interferon treatment of mice: Enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigens on lymphoid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 1284 (1976)
Lindahl, P., Gresser, J., Leary, P., Tovey, M.: Enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigens of lymphoid cells in mice treated with interferon. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement A66 (1976)
Lindahl, P., Leary, P., Gresser, I.: Enhancement by interferon of the expression of surface antigens on murine leukemia L1210 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 2785 (1973)
Lindahl, P., Leary, P., Gresser, I.: Enhancement of the expression of histocompatibility antigens of mouse lymphoid cells by interferon in vitro. Eur. J. Immunol. 4, 729 (1974)
Lindahl-Magnusson, P., Leary, P., Gresser, I.: Interferon inhibits DNA synthesis induced in mouse lymphocyte suspensions by phytohemagglutinin or by allogeneic cells. Nature 237, 120 (1972)
Lockart, R. Z.: Criteria for acceptance of a viral inhibitor as an interferon and a general description of the biological properties of known interferons. In: Interferons and interferon inducers, Finter, N.B., ed., p. 11. New York: Elsevier 1973
Lubinecki, A. S., Armstrong, J. A., Ho, M.: Eastern equine encephalitis virus. Quantitive study on the effects of interferon on virus replication. Arch. Virol. 45, 52 (1974)
Luftig, R. B., Consience, J. F., Skoultchi, A., McMillan, P., Revel, M., Ruddie, F. H.: Effect of interferon on dimethyl sulfoxide stimulated Friend erythroleukemic cells: Ultrastructural and biochemical studies. J. Virol. 23, 799 (1977)
Marcus, P. I., Engelhardt, D. L., Hunt, J. M., Sekellick, M. J.: Interferon action: Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus RNA synthesis induced by virion polymerase. Science 174, 593 (1971)
Maehara, N., Ho, M., Armstrong, J. A.: Differences in mouse interferons according to cell source and mode of induction. Infect. Immun. 17, 572 (1977)
Matarese, G. P., Rossi, G. B.: Effect of interferon on growth and division of friend erythroleukemia cells in vitro. J. Cell. Biol. 75, 344 (1977)
McGill, J. I., Collins, P., Cantell, K., Jones, B. A., Finter, N. B.: Optimal schedule for use of interferon in the corneas of rabbits with herpes simplex keratitis. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement, A13 (1970)
McIntosh, K.: Interferon in nasal secretions from infants with viral respiratory tract infections. J. Pediatr. 93, 33 (1978)
Menezes, J., Patel, P., Dussault, H., Joncas, J., Leibold, W.: Effect on interferon on lymphocyte transformation and nuclear antigen production by Epstein-Barr virus. Nature 260, 430 (1976)
Merigan, T. C.: Non-viral substances which induce interferons. In: Interferons and interferon inducers, Finter, N.B., ed., p. 45. New York: Elsevier 1973
Merigan, T. C.: Interferon: its inducer and some aspects of host resistance in malignancy. Cancer Treat. Rep. 58, 571 (1974)
Merigan, T. C., Rand, K. H., Pollard, R. B., Abdallah, P. S., Jordan, G. W., Fried, R. P.: Human leukocyte interferon for the treatment of herpes zoster in patients with cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 298, 981 (1978)
Merigan, T. C., Reed, S. E., Hall, T. S., Tyrrell, D. A.: Inhibition of respiratory virus infection by locally applied interferon. Lancet 1, 563 (1973)
Metz, D. H., Oxman, M. N., Levin, M. J.: Interferon inhibits the in vitro accumulation of virus specific RNA in nuclei isolated from SV40 infected cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 75, 172 (1977)
Morahan, P. S., McCord, R. S.: Resistance to herpes simplex type 2 virus induced by an immunopotentiator in immunosupprosed mice. J. Immunol. 115, 311 (1975)
Neumann-Haefelin, D., Shrestha, B., Manthey, K. F.: Effective antiviral-prophylaxis and therapy by systemic application of human interferon in immunosuppressed monkeys. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement, A211 (1976)
Neumann-Haefelin, P., Sundmacher, R., Sauter, B., Karges, H. E., Mathey, K. F.: Effect of human leukocyte interferon on vaccinia- and herpes virus-infected cell cultures and monkey corneas. Infect. Immun. 12, 148 (1975)
Neumann-Haefelin, D., Sundmacher, R., Skoda, R., Cantell, K.: Comparative evaluation of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferon in the prevention of herpes simplex virus keratitis in a monkey model. Infect. Immun. 17, 468 (1977)
Ogburn, C. A., Berg, K., Paucker, K.: Purification of mouse interferon by affinity chromatography on anti-interferon globulin-sepharose. J. Immunol. 111, 1206 (1973)
Ohwaki, M., Kawade, Y.: Inhibition of multiplication of mouse cells in culture by interferon preparations. Acta. Virol. (Praha) 16, 477 (1972)
Oie, H. K., Buckler, C. E., Uhlendorf, C. P., Hill, D. A., Baron, S.: Improved assays for a variety of interferons. Proc. Soc. Biol. Med. 140, 1178 (1972)
Oie, H. K., Easton, J. M., Ablashi, D. V., Baron, S.: Murine cytomegalovirus: Induction of and sensitivity to interferon in vitro. Infect. Immun. 12, 1012 (1975)
Olsen, G. A., Kern, E. R., Glasgow, L. A., Overall, J. C., Jr.: Effect of treatment with exogenous interferon, polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid, or polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid-poly-L-lysine complex on encephalomyocarditis virus infections in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 10, 668 (1976)
O'Reilly, R. J., Everson, L. K., Emodi, G., Hansen, J., Smithwick, E. M., Grimes, E., Pahwa, S., Pahwa, R., Schwartz, S., Armstrong, D., Siegal, F. P., Gupta, S., Dupont, B., Good, R. A.: Effects of exogenous interferon in cytomegalovirus infections complicating bone marrow transplantation. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 6, 51 (1976)
Osborn, J. E., Mediaris, D. N., Jr.: Studies of the relationship between mouse cytomegalovirus and interferon. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 121, 819 (1966)
Oxman, M. N., Black, P. H.: Inhibition of SV40 T antigen formation by interferon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55, 1133 (1966)
Oxman, M. N., Rowe, W. P., Black, P. H.: Studies of adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses. VI. Differential effects of interferon on SV40 and adenovirus T antigen formation in cells infected with SV40 virus, adenoviruses, and adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57, 941 (1967)
Oxman, M. N., Takemoto, K. K.: Comparative interferon sensitivity of SV40 and polyoma virus Collq. Inst. Natl. Santé. Rech. Med. 6, 429 (1970)
Peries, J., Carivet, M., Guillemain, B., Boiron, M.: Inhibitory effect of interferon preparations on the development of foci of altered cells induced in vitro by mouse sarcoma virus. J. Gen. Virol. 3, 465 (1968)
Pitha, P. M., Rowe, W. P., Oxman, M. N.: Effect of interferon on exogenous, endogenous, and chronic murine leukemia virus infection. Virology 70, 324 (1976)
Pitha, P. M., Staal, S. P., Bolognesi, D. P., Denny, T. P., Rowe, W. P.: Effect of interferon on murine leukemia virus infection II. Synthesis of viral components in exogenous interaction. Virology 79, 1 (1977)
Pitha, P. M., Vengris, V. E., Reynolds, F. H.: The role of cell membrane in the antiviral effect of interferon. J. Supramol. Struct. 4, 467 (1976)
Postic, B., Fenje, P.: Effect of administered interferon on rabies in rabbits. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 22, 428 (1971)
Purcell, R. H., London, W. T., McAuliffe, V. J., Palmer, A. E., Kaplan, P. M., Gerin, J. L., Wagner, J., Popper, H., Lvovsky, E., Wong, D. C., Levy, H. B.: Modification of chronic hepatitis-B virus infection in chimpanzees by administration of an interferon inducer. Lancet 2, 757 (1976)
Rabinovitch, M., Manejias, R. E., Russo, M., Abbey, E. E.: Increased spreading of macrophages from mice treated with interferon inducers. Cell. Immunol. 29, 86 (1977)
Ramseur, J. M., Friedman, R. M.: Interferon inhibits induction of endogenous murine leukemia virus production. Virology 73, 553 (1976)
Rana, M. W., Pinkerton, H., Rankin, A.: Effect of rifamycin and tilerone derivatives on Friend virus leukemia in mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 150, 32 (1975)
Rasmussen, L., Farley, L. B.: Inhibition of Herpesvirus hominis replication by human interferon. Infect. Immun. 12, 104 (1975)
Rasmussen, L., Holmes, A. R., Hofmeister, B., Merigan, T. C.: Multiplicity-dependent replication of varicella-zoster virus in interferon treated cells. J. Gen. Vir. 35, 361 (1977)
Regelson, W.: Prevention and treatment of Friend leukemia virus (FLV) infection by interferon-inducing synthetic polyanious. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1, 315 (1967)
Richman, D. D., Murphy, B. R., Baron, S., Vhlendorf, C.: Three strains of influenza A virus (H3N2). Interferon sensitivity in vitro and interferon production in volunteers. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3, 223 (1976)
Rinaldo, C. R., Jr., Isackson, D. W., Overall, J. C., Jr., Brown, T. T., Bistner, S. I., Gillespie, J. H., Scott, F. W.: Fetal and adult bovine interferon production during bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Infect. Immun. 14, 660 (1976)
Riviere, Y., Gresser, I., Guillon, J. C., Tovey, M. G.: Inhibition by anti-interferon serum of lymphocytic choriomenigitis virus disease in suckling mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2135 (1977)
Rodgers, R., Merigan, T. C., Hardy, W. D., Jr., Old, L. J., Kassel, R.: Cat interferon inhibits feline leukemia virus infection in cell culture. Nature 237, 270 (1972)
Rosenquist, B. D., Loan, R. W.: Interferon production with strain SF-4 of parainfluenza -3 virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 28, 619 (1967)
Rossi, G. B., Dolei, D., Cioe, L., Benedetto, A., Matarese, G. P., Belardelli, F.: Inhibition of transcription and translation of globin messenger RNA in dimethyl sulfoxide stimulated Friend erythroleukemic cells treated with interferon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2036 (1975)
Rossi, G. B., Marchengiani, M., Matarese, G. P., Gresser, I.: Inhibitory effect of interferon on multiplication of Friend leukemia cells in vivo. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54, 993 (1975)
Rossi, G. B., Matarese, G. P., Grappelli, C., Belardelli, F., Benedetto, A.: Interferon inhibits dimethyl sulphoxide induced differentiation of Friend leukemia cells. Nature 267, 50 (1977)
Salvin, S. B., Sonnenfeld, G., Nishio, J.: In vivo studies on the cellular source of migration inhibitory factor in mice with delayed hypersensitivity. Infect. Immun. 17, 639 (1977)
Salvin, S. B., Youngner, J. S., Lederer, W. H.: Migration inhibitory factor and interferon in the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity. Infect. Immun. 7, 68 (1973)
Sammons, M. L., Stephen, E. L., Levy, H. B., Baron, S., Hilmas, D. E.: Interferon induction in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys after repeated doses of a modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 11, 80 (1977)
Santoli, D., Trinchieri, G., Koprowski, H.: Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected target cells in humans II. Interferon induction and activation of natural killer cells. J. Immunol. 121, 532 (1978)
Sarma, P. S., Shiu, G., Baron, S., Heubner, R. J.: Inhibitory effect of interferon on murine sarcoma and leukemia viruses in vitro. Nature 223, 845 (1969)
Schuller, G. B., Morahan, P. S., Snodgrass, M.: Inhibition and enhancement of Friend leukemia virus by pyran copolymer. Cancer Res. 35, 1915 (1975)
Schultz, R. M., Chirigos, M. A., Heine, U. I.: Functional and morphological characteristics of interferon-treated macrophages. Cell Immunol. 35, 84 (1978)
Sethi, K. K., Brandis, H.: Interferon enhances T cell mediated cytotoxicity of H-2 compatible target cells infected with UV-inactivated herpes simplex virus. Arch. Virol 57, 177 (1978)
Soloviev, V. D.: Some results and prospects in the study of endogenous and exogenous interferon. In: The interferons, Rita, G., ed., p. 233. New York: Academic Press 1968
Soloviev, V. D.: The results of controlled observations on the prophylaxis of influenza with interferon. Bull. WHO 41, 683 (1969)
Sonnenfeld, G., Mandel, A. D., Merigan, T. G.: The immunosuppressive effect of Type II mouse interferon preparations on antibody production. Cell. Immunol. 34, 193 (1977)
Sonnenfeld, G., Mandel, A. D., Merigan, T. C.: In vitro production and cellular origin of murine Type II interferon. Immunology 36, 883 (1979)
Sonnenfeld, G., Mandel, A. D., Merigan, T. C.: Time and dosage dependence of immunoenhancement by murine Type II interferon preparations. Cell. Immunol. 40, 285 (1978)
Sonnenfeld, G., Salvin, S. B., Youngner, J.: Cellular source of interferons in the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity. Infect. Immun. 17, 639 (1977)
Stanley, E. D., Jackson, G. G., Dirda, V. A., Rubenis, M.: Effect of a topical interferon inducer on rhinovirus infections in volunteers. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement, A121 (1976)
Stephen, E. L., Sammons, M. L., Pannier, W. L., Baron, S., Spertzel, R. O., Levy, H. B.: Effect of a nuclease-resistant derivative of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex on yellow fever in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J. Infect. Dis. 136, 122 (1977)
Stevens, D. A., Merigan, T. C.: Interferon, antibody and other host factors in herpes zoster. J. Clin. Invest. 51, 1170 (1972)
Stewart, W. E., II., Scott, W. D., Sulkin, S. E.: Relative sensitivities of viruses to different speices of interferon. J. Virol 4, 147 (1969)
Stewart, W. E., II., Sulkin, S. E.: Evaluating the role of interferon in rabies infection. Bacteriol. Proc. 147 (1968)
Stinebring, W. R., Youngner, J. S.: Patterns of interferon appearance in mice injected with bacteria or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Nature 204, 712 (1964)
Strander, H., Cantell, K., Carlstrom, G., Jakobsson, D.A.: Clinical and laboratory investigations on man: Systemic administration of potent interferon to man. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51, 733 (1973)
Strander, H., Einhorn, S.: Effect of human leukocyte interferon on the growth of human osteosarcoma cells in tissue culture. Int. J. Cancer 19, 468 (1977)
Strandstrom, H., Sandelin, K., Oker-Blom, N.: Inhibitory effect of Coxsackie virus, influenza virus and interferon on Rous sarcoma virus. Virology 16, 384 (1962)
Stringfellow, D. A., Overall, S. C., Jr., Glasgow, L. A.: Interferon inducers in therapy of infection with encephalomyocarditis virus in mice. I. Effect of single doses of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid and tilerone hydrochloride on viral pathogenesis. J. Infect. Dis. 130, 470 (1974)
Stringfellow, D. A., Overall, J. C., Jr., Glasgow, L. A.: Interferon inducers in therapy of infection with encephalomyocarditis virus in mice II. Effect of multiple doses of polyriboinosinicpolyribocytidylic acid on viral pathogenesis. J. Infect. Dis. 130, 481 (1974)
Sundmacher, R., Neumann-Haefelin, D., Cantell, K.: Interferon treatment for dendridic keratitis. Lancet. 1, 1406 (1976)
Sundmacher, R., Neumann-Haefelin, D., Manthey, K. F., Muller, O.: Interferon in treatment of dendritic keratitis in humans: A preliminary report. J. Infect. Dis. 133 Supplement, A160 (1976)
Suzuki, F., Ishida, N., Suzuki, M., Sata, T., Suzuki, S.: Effect of the interferon inducer dextran phosphate, on influenza virus in mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 149, 1069 (1975)
Swetly, P., Ostertag, W.: Friend virus release and induction of haemoglobin synthesis in erythroleukoemic cells respond differently to interferon. Nature 251, 642 (1974)
Taylor, J.: Inhibition of interferon action by actinomycin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 14, 447 (1964)
Todaro, G. J., Green, H.: Interferon resistance of SV40 induced DNA synthesis Virology 33, 752 (1967)
Tolentino, P., Dianzani, F., Zucca, M., Giacchino, R.: Decreased interferon response by lymphocyte from children with chronic hepatitis. J. Infect. Dis. 132, 459 (1975)
Tomita, Y., Kuwata, P.: Suppression of murine leukemia virus production by ouabain and interferon in mouse cells. J. Gen. Virol. 38, 233 (1978)
Trinchieri, G., Santoli, D.: Anti-viral activity induced by culturing lymphocytes with tumor-derived or virus-transformed cells. Enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by interferon and antagonistic inhibition of susceptibility of target cells to lysis. J. Exp. Med. 147, 1314 (1978)
Trinchieri, G., Santoli, D., Koprowski, H.: Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in humans: role of interferon and immunoglobulins. J. Immunol. 120, 1849 (1978)
Valle, M. J., Jordan, G. W., Haahr, S., Merigan, T. C.: Characteristics of immune interferon produced by human lymphocytic cultures compared to other human interferons. J. Immunol. 115, 230 (1975)
Vengris, V. E., Reynolds, F. H., Hallenberg, M. O., Pitha, P. M.: Interferon action: Role of membrane gangliosides. Virology 72, 486 (1976)
Vignaux, F., Gresser, I.: Differential effects of interferon on the expression of H-2K, H-2D and Ia antigens on mouse lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 118, 721 (1977)
Vilček, J., Rada, B.: Studies on an interferon from tick-borne encephalitis virus-infected cells. III. Antiviral action of interferon. Acta Virol. 6, 9 (1962)
Vilček, J., Yamazaki, S., Havell, E. A.: Interferon induction by vesicular stomatitis virus and its role in virus replication. Infect. Immun. 18, 863 (1977)
Virelizier, J. L., Gresser, I.: Role of interferon in the pathogenesis of viral diseases of mice as demonstrated by the use of anti-interferon serum V. Protective role in mouse hepatitis virus type 3 infection of susceptible and resistant strains of mice. J. Immunol. 120, 1616 (1978)
Virelizier, J. L., Virelizier, A. M., Allison, A. C.: The role of circulating interferon in the modifications of immune responsiveness by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-3). J. Immunol. 117, 748 (1976)
Wheelock, E. F.: Interferon-like virus inhibitor induced in human leukocytes by phytohemagglutinin. Science 149, 310 (1965)
Wiebe, M. E., Joklik, W. K.: The mechanism of inhibition of reovirus replication by interferon. Virology 66, 229 (1975)
Wiktor, T. J., Koprowski, H., Mitchell, J. R., Merigan, T. C.: Role of interferon in prophylaxis of rabies after exposure. J. Infect Dis. 133 Supplement, A260 (1976)
Wong, P. K. Y., Yuen, P. H., MacLeod, R., Chang, E. H., Myers, M. W., Friedman, R. M.: The effect of interferon on de novo infection of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Cell. 10, 245 (1977)
Yakobson, E., Revel, M., Winocour, E.: Inhibition of Simian virus 40 replication by interferon treatment late in the lytic cycle. Virology 80, 225 (1977)
Young, C. S. H., Pringle, C. R., Follett, E. A. C.: Action of interferon in enucleated cells. J. Virol. 15, 428 (1975)
Youngner, J. S., Keleti, G., Feingold, D. S.: Antiviral activity of an ether-extracted nonviable preparation of Brucella abortus. Infect. Immun. 10, 1202 (1974)
Youngner, J. S., Salvin, S. B.: Production and properties of migration inhibitory factor and interferon in the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 111, 1914 (1973)
Youngner, J. S., Scott, A. W., Hallum, J. V., Stinebring, W. R.: Interferon production by inactivatrd Newcastle disease virus in cell cultures and in mice. J. Bacteriol. 92, 862 (1966)
Youngner, J. S., Thacore, H. R., Kelly, M. E.: Sensitivity of RNA and DNA viruses to different species of interferon in cell cultures. J. Virol 10, 171 (1972)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sonnenfeld, G., Merigan, T.C. The role of interferon in viral infections. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2, 311–338 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198722
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198722