Abstract
The entrainment process in a two layer density stratified fluid column was studied experimentally by imposing external shear stress on one or both layers. The experiments have been conducted in an annular tank containing two water layers of different salt concentration and the shear stress was applied by means of rotating screens. The following quantities were measured: the screen velocity (which was kept constant during each experiment), the stress at the upper screen, and vertical profiles of circumferential velocity and density at different radial locations.
When equal stress was imposed at the surface of the upper layer and at the bottom of the lower layer, entrainment took place from the two sides of the density interface at equal rate so that the interface was stationary in the central position between the two screens and there was no velocity gradient across the interface. The dependence of the entrainment coefficient on Richardson number obtained in these experiments was similar in form to that obtained in the shear-free experiments with an oscillating grid (e.g. Nokes 1988).
When a shear stress was applied at the upper surface only, the upper layer depth increased with time and a velocity gradient existed at the interface. The influence of the interfacial velocity gradient on the entrainment rate was studied by comparing the rates obtained with and without this velocity gradient. The entrainment rates were approximately the same for high values of the Richardson number while at low Richardson number the entrainment rate was much larger when a velocity gradient existed across the interface.
The main results of this work are as follows:
-
(i)
Despite the curved geometry of the annular system, the dependence of the entrainment coefficient on Richardson number for shear-free interface experiments was found to be similar in form to that obtained for oscillating grid experiments.
-
(ii)
The entrainment across the interface is due to turbulent energy generated at some distance from the interface by an external source (i.e. shear stress induced by a screen) and due to turbulence produced locally at the interface by a velocity gradient. The relative contribution of each turbulence source to the total entrainment was found to depend on the stability of the interface.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chai, A. 1989: Experimental investigation of mixing process in a two-layer stratified flow in an annulus. Ph.D. thesis, Tel-Aviv
Chai, A.; Hassid, A.; Kit, E.; Tsinober, A. 1988: A study of a two-layer stratified flow in an annulus: experiment and model. PCH 10, 561–578
Comte-Bellot, G. 1965: Ecoulement turbulent entre deux parois paralleles. Publications scientifiques et techniques du Minister de l'Air. no 419
Deardorff, J. W.; Yoon, S. C. 1984: On the use of an annulus to study mixed-layer entrainment. J. Fluid Mech. 142, 97–120
Deardorff, J. W.; Willis, G. E. 1982: Dependence of mixed-layer entrainment on shear stress and velocity jump. J. Fluid Mech. 115, 123–150
E. X.; Hopfinger, E. J. 1986: On the mixing across an interface in a stably stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 166, 227–244
Fernando, H. J. S.; Long, R. R. 1983: The growth of a grid-generated turbulent mixed layer in a two-layer system. J. Fluid Mech. 133, 377–395
Fernando, H. J. S.; Long, R. R. 1985: On the nature of the entrainment interface of a two-layer fluid subjected to zero-mean-shear turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 151, 21–53
Hannoun, I. A.; List, E. J. 1988: Turbulent mixing at shear-free density interface. J. Fluid Mech. 189, 211–234
Hopfinger, E. J.; Toly, J. A. 1976: Spatially decaying turbulence and its relation to mixing across density interfaces. J. Fluid Mech. 78, 155–175
Jones, I. S. F.; Mulhearn, P. J. 1983: The influence of external turbulence on sheared interfaces. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 24, 49–62
Kato, H.; Phillips, O. M. 1969: On the penetration of a turbulent layer into stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 37, 643–655
Kantha, L. H. 1978: On surface-stress-induced entrainment at a buoyancy interface. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab. Report TR 78-1, Johns Hopkins University
Kantha, L. H.; Phillips, O. M.; Azad, R. S. 1977: On turbulent entrainment at a stable density interface. J. Fluid Mech. 79, 753–768
Kit, E.; Berent, E.; Vajda, M. 1980: Vertical mixing induced by wind and rotating screen in a stratified fluid in a channel. Hydraulic Res. 18, 35–57
Koop, C. G.; Browand, F. K. 1979: Instability and turbulence in a stratified fluid with shear. J. Fluid Mech. 93, 135–159
Long, R. R. 1978: A theory of mixing in a stably stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 84, 113–124
Löfquist, J. S. 1960: Flow and stress near an interface between stratified liquids. Phys. Fluids 3, 158–175
McDougall, T. J. 1978: Some aspects of geophysical turbulence. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge
Narimousa, S.; Fernando, H. J. S. 1987: On the sheared density interface of an entraining stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 174, 1–22
Narimousa, S.; Long, R. R.; Kitaigorodskii, S. A. 1986: Entrainment due to turbulent shear flow at the interface of a stably stratified fluid. Tellus 38 A, 76–87
Nokes, R. I. 1988: On the entrainment rate across a density interface. J. Fluid Mech. 188, 188–204
Price, J. F. 1979: On the scaling of stress-driven entrainment experiments. J. Fluid Mech. 90, 509–529
Ruddick, B. R.; Shirtcliffe, T. G. L. 1979: Data for double diffusers: Physical properties of aqueous salt-sugar solutions. Deep-sea research, 26A, 775–787
Scranton, D. R.; Lindberg, W. R. 1983: An experimental study of entraining, stress-driven, stratified flow in an annulus. Phys. Fluids 26, 1198–1205
Thompson, R. O. R. Y. 1979: A re-examination of the entrainment process in some laboratory flows. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 4, 45–55
Thorpe, S. A. 1971: Experiments on the instability of stratified shear flows: miscible fluids. J. Fluid Mech. 46, 299–319
Turner, J. S. 1968: The influence of molecular diffusivity on turbulent entrainment across a density interface. J. Fluid Mech. 33, 639–656
Turner, J. S. 1973: Buoyancy effects in fluids, Cambridge University Press
Wu, J. 1973: Wind-induced turbulent entrainment across a stable density interface. J. Fluid Mech. 61, 275–287
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
We are grateful to Prof. A. Tsinober, Dr. Y. Tapy and Dr. L. Shemer for many fruitful discussions
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chai, A., Kit, E. Experiments on entrainment in an annulus with and without velocity gradient across the density interface. Experiments in Fluids 11, 45–57 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198431
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198431