References
Andrianakos AA, Duffy J, Suzuki M, Sharp JT (1975) Transverse myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 83: 616
April RS, Van Sonnenberg E (1976) A case of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) in systemic lupus eryhtematosus. Neurology 26: 1066
Atkins CJ, Kondon JJ, Quismoro FP, Friou GJ (1972) The choroid plexus in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 76: 65
Baker M (1973) Psychopathology in systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Psychiatric observations. Semin Arthritis Rheum 3: 95
Bailey AA, Sayre GP, Clark EC (1956) Neuritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol Psychiat 75: 251
Bilaniuk LT, Patel S, Zimmerman RA (1977) Computed tomography of systemic lupus erythematosus. Radiology 124: 119
Bishko F (1972) Retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report and review of the literature. Arthritis Rheum 15: 57
Bluestein HG (1979) Heterogeneous neurocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 35: 210
Bluestein HG, Wood VL (1982) Antineuronal antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 25: 773
Bluestein HG, Zvaifler NJ (1976) Brain reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 57: 509
Bluestein HG, Williams GW, Steinberg AD (1981) Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to neuronal cells: Association with neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 70: 240
Boey ML, Colaco CB, Gharavi AE, Elkon KB, Loizou S, Hughes GRV (1983) Thrombosis in SLE: Striking association with the presence of circulating “lupus anticoagulant”. Br Med J 287: 1021
Boyer RS, Sun NCJ, Verity A, Nies KM, Louie JS (1980) Immunoperoxidase staining of the choroid plexus in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 7: 645
Brandt KD, Lessel S (1978) Migrainous phenomena in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 21: 7
Brandt KD, Lessel S, Cohen AS (1975) Cerebral disorders of vision in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 83: 163
Bresnihan B, Oliver M, Grigor R, Hughes GRV (1977) Brain reactivity of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without cerebral involvement. Clin Exp Immunol 30: 333
Bresnihan B, Oliver M, Williams B, Hughes GRV (1979) An antineuronal antibody cross-reacting with erythrocytes and lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 22: 313
Bresnihan B, Hohmeister R, Cutting J, Travers RL, Waldburger M, Black C, Jones T, Hughes GRV (1979) The neuropsychiatric disorder in systemic lupus erythematosus: Evidence for both vascular and immune mechanisms. Ann Rheum Dis 38: 301
Bulkley BH, Roberts WC (1975) The heart in systemic lupus erythematosus and the changes induced in it by corticosteroid therapy. A study of 36 necropsy patients. Ann J Med 58: 243
Bulter WT, Sharp JT, Rossen RD, Lidsky MD, Mittal KK, Gard DA (1972) Relationship of the clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus to the presence of circulating lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 15: 231
Carreras LO, Vermelyn JG (1982) “Lupus” anticoagulant and thrombosis — possible role of inhibition of prostacyclin formation. Thromb Haemost 48: 38
Dubois EL (1976) The clinical picture of systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Dubois EL (ed) Lupus erythematosus. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, p 305
Dubois EL, Tuffanelli DL (1964) Clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. JAMA 190: 104
Ellis SG, Verity MA (1979) Central venous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: A review of neuropathologic findings in 57 cases, 1955–1977 Semin Arthritis Rheum 8: 212
Endo T, Scott DD, Stewart SS, Kundu SK, Marcus DM (1984) Antibodies to glycosphingolipids in patients with multiple sclerosis and SLE. J Immunol 132: 1793
Estes DL, Christian CL (1971) The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus by prospective analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 50: 85
Feinglass EJ, Arnett FC, Dorsch CA, Zizic TM, Stevens MB (1976) Neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis, clinical spectrum, and relationship to other features of the disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 55: 323
Fessel WL, Solomon GF (1960) Psychosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: A review of the literature and case reports. Calif Med 92: 266
Fulford KW, Catterall RD, Delhanty JJ, Doniach D, Kreiner H (1972) A collagen disorder of the nervous system presenting as multiple sclerosis. Brain 95: 373
Gibson T, Myers AR (1976) Nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 35: 398
Gold DH, Feiner L, Henkind P (1977) Retinal arterial occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Ophthalmol 95: 1580
Goldberg H, Chitanondh H (1959) Polyneuritis with albuminocytologic dissociation in spinal fluid in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 27: 342
Goodwin JS, Goodwin JM (1979) Cerebritis in lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 90: 437 (1979)
Grigor R, Edmonds J, Lewkonia R, Breshnihan B, Hughes GRV (1978) Systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 37: 121
Gurland BJ, Ganz VH, Fleiss JL, Zubin J (1972) The study of the psychiatric symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. Psychol Med 34: 199
Hadler NM, Gerwin RD, Frank MM, Whitaker JN, Baker M, Decker JL (1973) The fourth component of complement in the cerebrospinal fluid in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 16: 507
Harbeck RJ, Hoffman AA, Hoffman SA, Shucard DW (1979) Cerebrospinal fluid and choroid plexus during acute immune complex disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 13: 413 (1979)
Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Boey ML, Patel BM, Mackworth-Young CG, Loizou S, Hughes GRV (1983) Anticardiolipin antibodies: Detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 2: 1211
Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Asherson RA, Boey ML, Hughes GRV (1984) Cerebral infarction in systemic lupus: Association with anticardiolipin antibodies. Clin Exp Rheum 1: 47
Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Loizou S, Derue G, Chan JK, Patel BM, Mackworth-Young CG, Bunn CC, Hughes GRV (1985) Cross-reactivity of antiphospholipid antibodies. J Clin Lab Immunol 16: 1–6
Harvey AM, Shulman LE, Tumulty PA, Conley CL, Shoenrich EH (1954) Systemic lupus erythematosus: Review of the literature and clinical analysis of 138 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 33: 291
Heptinstall RH, Sowry GSC (1952) Peripheral neuritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br Med J 1: 525
Hirano T, Hashimoto H, Shiokawa Y, Iwamori M, Nugai Y, Kasai M, Ochiai Y, Okumura K (1980) Antiglycolipid autoantibody detected in the sera from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Clin Invest 66: 1437
Hughes GRV (1980) Central nervous system lupus — diagnosis and treatment. J Rheumatol 7: 405
Husby G, Van de Rijn I, Zabriskie JB, Abdin ZH, Williams RC (1976) Antibodies reacting with cytoplasm of subthalamic and caudate nuclei neurons in chorea and acute rheumatic fever. J Exp Med 144: 1094
Johnson RT, Richardson EP (1968) The neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: A clinical-pathological study of 24 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 47: 337
Klippel JH, Zvaifler NJ (1975) Neuropsychiatric abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheum Dis 1: 621
Kremer JM, Rynes RI, Bartholomew LE, Rodichok LD, Pelton EW, Block EA, Tossinari RB, Silver RJ (1981) Non-organic, non-psychotic psychopathology (NONPP) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 11: 182
Lampert PW, Oldstone MBA (1973) Host immunoglobulin G and complement deposits in the choroid plexus during spontaneous immune complex disease. Science 180: 408
Landi G, Calloni MV, Candelisi L (1983) Recurrent ischaemic attacks in two young adults with lupus anticoagulant. Stroke 14: 377
Lanham JG, Barrie T, Kohner EM, Hughes GRV (1982) SLE retinopathy: Evaluation by fluorescein angiography. Ann Rheum Dis 41: 473
Lessel S (1980) Some opthalmological and neurological aspects of SLE. J Rheumatol 7: 398
Lewis DC (1965) Systemic lupus and polyneuropathy. Arch Intern Med 116: 518
Lusins JO, Szilagyi PA (1975) Clinical features of chorea associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 58: 857
McIntosh RM (1974) The choroid plexus: Immunologic injury and disease. Ann Intern Med 81: 111
O'Connor JF, Musher DM (1966) Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: A study of 150 cases. Arch Neurol 14: 157
Peress NS, Roxburgh VA, Gelfand MC (1981) Binding sites for immune components in human choroid plexus. Arthritis Rheum 24: 520
Petz LD, Sharp GC, Cooper NR, Irvin RS (1971) Serum and cerebral spinal fluid complement and serum autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 50: 259
Pinching AJ, Travers RL, Hughes GRV, Jones T, Moss S (1978) Oxygen-15 brain scanning for detection of cerebral involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1: 898
Russell BA, Blyth F, Charlesworth JA (1982) Failure to detect brain reactivity of lymphocytotoxins in cerebral lupus. Clin Exp Immunol 47: 133
Rappaport MM, Karpiak SE, Mahadik SP (1978) Biological activities of antibodies injected into the brain. Fed Proc 38: 2391
Reinitz E, Hubbard D, Zimmerman RD (1984) Central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: Axial tomographic scan as an aid to differential diagnosis. J Rheumatol 11: 252
Sergent JS, Lockshin MD, Klempner MS, Lipsky BA (1975) Central nervous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 58: 644
Siebold JR, Buckingham RB, Medsger TA, Kelly RH (1982) Cerebrospinal fluid immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus involving the central nervous system. Semin Arthritis Rheum 12: 68
Siekert RG, Clark EC (1955) Neurologic signs and symptoms as early manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 5: 84
Silverman M, Lubeck MJ, Briney WG (1978) Central retinal vein occlusion complicating systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 21: 839
Simon J, Simon O (1975) Effects of passive transfer of antibrain antibodies to a normal recipient. Exp Neurol 47: 523
Small P, Moss MF, Kohler PF, Harbeck RJ (1977) Central nervous system involvement in SLE: Diagnostic profile and clinical features. Arthritis Rheum 20: 869
Smith CA, Pinals RS (1982) Optic neuritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 9: 963
Soffer LJ, Bader R (1952) Corticotropin and cortisone in acute disseminated lupus erythematosus: Results of long-term use. JAMA 149: 1002
Vermess M, Bernstein RM, Bydder GM, Steiner RE, Young IR, Hughes GRV (1983) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7: 461
Williams GW, Bluestein HG, Steinberg AD (1981) Brain-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Correlations with central nervous system involvement. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 18: 126
Wilson HA, Winfield JB, Lahita RG, Koffler D (1979) Association of IgG anti-brain antibodies with central nervous system dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 22: 458
Winfield JR, Brunner CM, Koffler D (1978) Serologic studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system dysfunction. Arthritis Rheum 21: 289
Winfield JB, Shaw M, Silverman LM, Eisenberg RA, Wilson HA, Koffler D (1983) Intrathecal IgG synthesis and blood-brain barrier impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system dysfunction. Am J Med 74: 837
Zvaifler NJ, Bluestein HG (1982) The pathogenesis of central nervous system manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 25: 862
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Harris, E.N., Hughes, G.R.V. Cerebral disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Springer Semin Immunopathol 8, 251–266 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197299
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197299