Abstract
The static and dynamic responses of human granulocytes to an electric field were investigated. The trajectories of the cells were determined from digitized pictures (phase contrast). The basic results are: (i) The track velocity is a constant as shown by means of the velocity autocorrelation function. (ii) The chemokinetic signal transduction/response mechanism is described in analogy to enzyme kinetics. The model predicts a single gaussian for the track velocity distribution density as measured. (iii) The mean drift velocity induced by an electric field, is the product of the mean track velocity and the polar order parameter. (iv) The galvanotactic dose-response curve was determined and described by using a generating function. This function is linear in E for E < E 0 = 0.78 V/mm with a galvanotaxis coefficient K G of (−0.22 V/mm)−1 at 2.5 mM Ca++. For E > E 0 the galvanotactic response is diminished. This inhibition is described by a second term in the generating function (−K G · K I (E − E 0)) with an inhibition coefficient K I of 3.5 (v) The characteristic time involved in directed movement is a function of the applied electric field strength: about 30 s at low field strengths and below 10 s at high field strengths. The characteristic time is 32.4 s if the cells have to make a large change in direction of movement even at large field strength (E jump). (vi) The lag-time between signal recognition and cellular response was 8.3 s. (vii) The galvanotactic response is Ca++ dependent. The granulocytes move towards the anode at 2.5 mM Ca++ towards the cathode at 0.1 mM Ca++. (viii) The directed movement of granulocytes can be described by a proportional-integral controler.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alt W, Hoffmann G (eds) (1990) Biological motion. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Becker EL, Showell HJ, Naccache PH, Sha'afi R (1978) Enzymes in granulocytes movement: preliminary evidence for the involvement of Na+ and K+ ATPase. In: Gallin JI, Quie PG (eds) Leukocyte chemotaxis. Raven Press, New York, pp 113–121
Becker EL, Kanaho Y, Kermode JC (1987) Nature and functioning of the pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein of neutrophils. Biomed Pharmacol 41:289–297
de Boisfleury-Chevance A, Rapp B, Gruler H (1989). Locomotion of white blood cells: a biophysical analysis. Blood Cells 15:315–333
Cooke E, Al-Mohanna FA, Hallett MB (1989) Calcium-dependent and independent mechanisms of cellular control within neutrophils: the roles of kinase C, diacylglycerol, and unidentified intracellular messengers. In: Hallett MB (ed) The neutrophil: cellular biochemistry and physiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 219–241
Erickson CA, Nuccitelli R (1984) Embryonic fibroblast motility and orientation can be influenced by physiological electric fields. J Cell Biol 98:296–307
Ferguson JL (1968) Liquid crystals in nondestructive testing. Appl Opt 7:1729–1737
Fukushima K, Senda N, Innnui H, Tamai Y, Murakami Y (1953) Studies of galvanotaxis of leukocytes. Med J Osaka Univ 4:195–208
Fukushima K, Senda N, Ishigami S, Murakami Y, Nishian K (1954) Dynamic pattern in the movement of leukocyte II. The behaviour of neutrophil immediately after commencement and removal of stimulation. Med J Osaka Univ 5:47–56
Gallin EK, McKinney LC (1989) Ion transport in phagocytes. In: Hallett MB (ed) The neutrophil: cellular biochemistry and physiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 243–259
Gerish G, Keller H-H (1981) Chemotactic reorientation of granulocytes stimulated with micropipettes containing f-Met-Leu-Phe. J Cell Sci 52:1–10
Gruler H (1984) Cell movement analysis in a necrotactic assay. Blood Cells 10:107–121
Gruler H (1988) Cell movement and symmetry of the cellular environment. Z Naturforsch 43c:754–764
Gruler H (1989) Biophysics of leukocytes: neutrophil chemotaxis, characteristics and mechanisms. In: Hallett MB (ed) The cellular biochemistry and physiology of neutrophil. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 63–95
Gruler H (1990) Chemokinesis, chemotaxis and galvanotaxis. In: Alt W Hoffmann G (eds) Lecture notes in biomathematics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Gruler H, de Boisfleury-Chevance A (1987) Chemokinesis and necrotaxis of human granulocytes: the important cellular organelles. Z Naturforsch 42c:1126–1134
Gruler H, Bültmann BD (1984) Virus-induced order-disorder transition of moving human leukocytes. Il Nuovo Cimento 3D:152–173
Gruler H, Franke K (1990) Automatic control and directed cell movement: (to be published)
Gruler H, Gow NAR (1990) Directed growth of fungal hyphae in an electric field. A biophysical analysis. Z Naturforsch 45c:306–313
Gruler H, Nuccitelli R (1986) New insights into galvanotaxis and other directed cell movements: an analysis of the translocation distribution function. In: Nuccitelli R (ed) Ionic currents in development. Liss, New York, pp 337–347
Haken H (1983) Synergetics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 146–189
Hallett MB (1989) The significance of stimulus-response coupling in the neutrophil for physiology and pathology. In: Hallett MB (ed) The neutrophil: Cellular biochemistry and physiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–22
Jäger U, Gruler H, Bültmann BD (1988) Morphological changes and membrane potential of human granulocytes under influence of chemotactic peptide and/or echo-virus, type 9. Klin Wochenschr 66:434–436
Matthes T, Gruler H (1988) Analysis of cell locomotion. Contact guidance of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Eur Biophys J 15:343–357
McGillivray AM, Gow NAR (1986) Applied electric fields polarize the growth of mycelial fungi. J Gen Microbiol 132:2515–2525
Müller-Enoch D, Churchill P, Fleischer S, Guengerich FP (1984) Interaction of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in the presence and absence of lipid. J Biol Chem 259:8174–8182
Naccache PH, Sha'afi RI, Borgeat P (1989) Mobilization, metabolism, and biological effects of eicosanoids in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In: Hallett MB (ed) The neutrophil: cellular biochemistry and physiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 113–139
Ramsey WS (1972) Analysis of individual leucocyte behavior during chemotaxis. Exp Cell Res 70:129–139
Rapp B, de Boisfleury-Chevance A, Gruler H (1988) Galvanotaxis of human granulocytes. Dose-respone curve. Eur Biophys J 16:313–319
Risken H (1984) The Fokker-Planck equation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Scharstein H, Alt W (1990) Discretization problems. In: Alt W, Hoffmann G (eds) Biological motion. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Tranquillo RT (1990) Models of chemical gradient sensing cells. In: Alt W, Hoffmann G (eds) Biological motion. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Tranquillo RT, Lauffenburger DA (1987) Stochastic model of leukocyte chemosensory movement. J Math Biol 25:229–262
Tranquillo RT, Lauffenburger DA, Zigmond SH (1988a) A stochastic model for leukocyte random motility and chemotaxis based on receptor binding fluctuations. J Cell Biol 106:303–309
Tranquillo RT, Zigmond SH, Lauffenburger DA (1988b) Measurement of the chemotaxis coefficient for human neutrophils in the under-agarose migration assay. Cell Motil Cytoskelet 11:1–15
Van Laere AJ (1988) Effect of electrical fields on polar growth of Phycomyces blakesleeanus FEMS Microbiol Lett 49:111–116
Wiener N (1961) Cybernetics: or control and communication in the animal and the machine. MIT Press, Cambridge
Wilkinson PC (1982) Chemotaxis and inflammation. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh London Melbourne
Zigmond SH, Sullivan SJ (1981) Receptor modulation and its consequences for the response to chemotactic peptides. In: Lackie JM, Wilkinson PC (eds) Biology of chemotactic response. University Press, Cambridge London, pp 73–88
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Offprint requests to: H. Gruler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Franke, K., Gruler, H. Galvanotaxis of human granulocytes: electric field jump studies. Eur Biophys J 18, 334–346 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196924
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196924