Skip to main content
Log in

Ecophysiology of mangroves

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Trees Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Conclusion

Mangrove forests are of major ecological and commercial importance, yet the future of these resources is threatened by pollution, development and over-exploitation. There is an urgent need to develop sound management practices based on a functional understanding of the physical and biological processes underlying mangrove ecosystem dynamics. Such biological processes include dispersal (Rabinowitz 1978), herbivory (Smith 1987) and the physiological bases of species interactions and responses to environmental factors. Understanding these processes is essential for the development of more comprehensive and predictive modelling of mangrove ecosystem dynamics than has previously been possible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andrews TJ, Muller GJ (1985) Photosynthetic gas exchange of the mangrove, Rhizophora stylosa Griff., in its natural environment. Oecologia 65: 449–455

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews TJ, Clough BF, Muller GJ (1984) Photosynthetic gas exchange and carbon isotope ratios of some mangroves in North Queensland. In: Teas HJ (ed) Physiology and management of mangroves. Tasks for vegetation science, vol. 9. Junk, The Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson MR, Findlay GP, Hope AB, Pitman MG, Saddler HDW, West KR (1967) Salt regulation in the mangroves Rhizophora mucronata Lam. and Aegialitis annulata R. Br Aust J Biol Sci 20: 589–599

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attiwill PM, Clough BF (1980) Carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange in the white mangrove. Photosynthetica 14: 40–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC (1981) Physiology of photosynthesis in two mangrove species: responses to salinity and other environmental factors. PhD thesis, Australian National University, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC (1986) Photosynthesis in mangroves. Wetlands (Australia) 6: 12–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC (1988) Salinity tolerance in the mangroves, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina. I. Water use in relation to growth, carbon partitioning and salt balance. Aust J Plant Physiol 15: 447–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC, Anderson JM (1986) Sensitivity of photosystem II to NaCl in relation to salinity tolerance. Comparative studies with thylakoids of the salt-tolerant mangrove, Avicennia marina, and the salt-sensitive pea, Pisum sativum. Aust J Plant Physiol 13: 689–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC, Critchley C (1982) Photosynthetic responses to irradiance by the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, grown under different light regimes. Plant Physiol 74: 7–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC, Farquhar GD (1984a) Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, to transient salinity conditions. Plant Physiol 74: 7–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC, Farquhar GD (1984b) Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of two mangrove species, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina, to long term salinity and humidity conditions. Plant Physiol 74: 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC, Pidsley SM (1988) Seedling establishment of tropical mangrove species in relation to salinity. In: Larson H, Hanley R, Michie M (eds) Darwin Harbour: proceedings of a Workshop on Research and Management in Darwin Harbour. Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp 123–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC, Chow WS, Anderson JM (1987) Salinity-induced potassium deficiency causes loss of functional photosystem II in leaves of the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, through depletion of the atrazine-binding polypeptide. Aust J Plant Physiol 14: 351–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MC, Cowan IR, Farquhar GD (1988) Maintenance of leaf temperature and the optimisation of carbon gain in relation to water loss in a tropical mangrove forest. Aust J Plant Physiol 15: 263–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber J (1976) Ionic regulation in intact chloroplasts and its effect on primary photosynthetic processes. In: Barber J (ed) The intact chloroplast. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam New York, 89–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkman O, Demmig B (1987) Photon yield of O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K among vascular plants of diverse origins. Planta 170: 489–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Boon PI, Allaway WG (1982) Assessment of leaf washing techniques for measuring salt secretion in Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Aust J Plant Physiol 9: 725–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Boon PI, Allaway WG (1986) Rates and ionic specificity of salt secretion from excised leaves of the mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Aquat Bot 26: 143–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Boto KG (1982) Nutrient and organic fluxes in mangroves. In: Clough BF (ed) Mangrove ecosystems in Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp 239–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Boto KG, Wellington JT (1983) Phosphorus and nitrogen nutritional status of a northern Australian mangrove forest. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 11: 63–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Boto KG, Wellington JT (1984) Soil characteristics and nutrient status in a northern Australian mangrove forest. Estuaries 7: 61–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman HHM (1917) Ecology and physiology of the red mangrove. Proc Am Philos Soc 56: 589–672

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchett MD, Field CD, Pulkownik A (1984) Salinity, growth and root respiration in the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina. Physiol Plant 60: 113–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Camilleri JC, Ribi G (1983) Leaf thickness of mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) growing in different salinities. Biotropica 15: 139–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardale S, Field CD (1971) The structure of the salt gland of Aegiceras corniculatum. Planta 99: 183–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman VJ (1944) The 1939 Cambridge University expedition to Jamaica. J Linnean Soc Bot 52: 407–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke LD, Hannon NJ (1970) The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district III. Plant growth in relation to salinity and waterlogging. J Ecology 58: 351–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Clough BF (1984) Growth and salt balance of the mangroves, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. and Rhizophora stylosa Griff. in relation to salinity. Aust J Plant Physiol 11: 419–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Clough BF, Andrews TJ, Cowan IR (1982) Physiological processes in mangroves. In: Clough BF (ed) Mangrove ecosystems in Australia. Structure, function and management. Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp 193–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Connor DJ (1969) Growth of grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) in nutrient culture. Biotropica 1: 36–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan IR (1982) Regulation of water use in relation to carbon gein in higher plants. In: Lange OL, Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H (eds) Physiological plant ecology II. Water relations and carbon assimilation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 589–614

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan IR (1986) Economics of carbon fixation in higher plants. In: Givnish TJ (ed) On the economy of plant form and function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 133–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan IR, Farquhar GD (1977) Stomatal function in relation to leaf metabolism and environment. In: Jennings DH (ed) Integration of activity in the higher plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 471–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Curran M (1985) Gas movements in the roots of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Aust J Plant Physiol 12: 97–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Downton WJS (1982) Growth and osmotic relations of the mangrove Avicennia marina, as influenced by salinity. Aust J Plant Physiol 9: 519–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Drennan P, Pammenter NW (1982) Physiology of salt secretion in the mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. New Phytol 91: 597–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew MC, Dikumwin E (1985) Sodium exclusion from the shoots by roots of Zea mays (cv. LG 11) and its breakdown with oxygen deficiency. J Exp Bot 36: 55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehleringer J, Bjorkman O (1977) Quantum yields for CO2 uptake in C3 and C4 plants. Dependence on temperature, CO2 and O2 concentrations. Plant Physiol 59: 86–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faraday CD, Thomson WW (1986) Structural aspects of the salt glands of the Plumbaginaceae. J Exp Bot 37: 461–470

    Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar GD (1979) Carbon assimilation in relation to transpiration and fluxes of ammonia. In: Marcelle R, Clijsters H, van Poucke M (eds) Photosynthesis and plant development. Junk, The Hague, pp 321–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar GD, Sharkey TD (1982) Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 33: 317–345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar GD, Ball MC, von Caemmerer S, Roksandic Z (1982) Effect of salinity and humidity on δ13C values of halophytes — evidence for diffusional isotope fractionation determined by the ratio of intercellular/atmospheric CO2 under different environmental conditions. Oecologia 52: 121–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Field CD (1984) Movement of ions and water into the xylem sap of tropical mangroves. In: Teas HJ (ed) Physiology and management of mangroves. Junk, The Hague, pp 49–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Flowers TJ, Yeo AR (1986) Ion relations of plants under drought and salinity. Aust J Plant Physiol 13: 75–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Flowers TJ, Hajibagheri MA, Clipson NJW (1986) Halo-phytes. Quart Rev Biol 61: 313–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenway H, Osmond CB (1972) Salt responses of enzymes from species differing in salt tolerance. Plant Physiol 49: 256–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson AD, May AM, Grumet R, Bole J, Jamieson GC, Rodes D (1985) Betaine synthesis in chenopods: localization in chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 3678–3682

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey HW (1966) The chemistry and fertility of seawater. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 36–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey DMR, Hall JL, Flowers TJ, Kent B (1981) Quantitative ion localization within Suaeda maritima leaf mesophyll cells. Planta 151: 555–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber SC (1985) Role of potassium in photosynthesis and respiration. In: Munson RD (ed) Potassium in agriculture. Am Soc Agron, Madison, Wisconsin, pp 369–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser WH, Weber H, Sauer M (1983) Photosynthetic capacity, osmotic response, and solute content of leaves and chloroplasts from Spinacia oleracea under salt stress. Z Pflanzenphysiol 113: 15–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Komiyama A, Ogino K, Aksornkoae S, Sabhasri S (1987) Root biomass of a mangrove forest in southern Thailand. I. Estimation by the trench method and the zonal structure of root biomass. J Tropical Ecology 3: 97–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriedemann PE (1986) Stomatal and photosynthetic limitations to leaf growth. Aust J Plant Physiol 13: 15–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriedemann PE, Sands R (1984) Salt resistance and adaptation to root-zone hypoxia in sunflower. Aust J Plant Physiol 11: 287–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Leshem Y, Levison E (1972) Regulation mechanisms in the salt mangrove, Avicennia marina, growing in the Sinai littoral. Oecol Plant 7: 167–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Lessani H, Marchner H (1978) Relation between salt tolerance and long-distance transport of sodium and chloride in various crop species. Aust J Plant Physiol 5: 27–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Macnae W (1968) A general account of the fauna and flora of the mangrove swamps and forests in the Indo-Pacific region. Adv Mar Biol 6: 73–270

    Google Scholar 

  • McKee KL, Mendelssohn IA (1987) Root metabolism in the black mangrove (Avicennia germinans (L.) L): response to hypoxia. Environ Exp Bot 27: 147–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon GJ, Clough BF, Peterson CA, Allaway WG (1986) Apoplastic and symplastic pathways in Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. roots revealed by fluorescent tracer dyes. Aust J Plant Physiol 13: 637–648

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore RT, Miller PC, Albright D, Tieszen LL (1972) Comparative gas exchange characteristics of three mangrove species in winter. Photosynthetica 6: 387–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore RT, Miller PC, Ehleringer J, Lawrence W (1973) Seasonal trends in gas exchange characteristics of three mangrove species. Photosynthetica 7: 387–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Munns R, Fisher DB, Tonnet ML (1986) Na+ and Cl transport in the phloem from leaves of NaCl-treated barley. Aust J Plant Physiol 13: 757–766

    Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo G (1983) Effects of flooding on leaf water potential and stomatal resistance in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) LAM. New Phytol 93: 369–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo G (1985) Effects of waterlogging and salinity on plant water relations and on the accumulation of solutes in three mangrove species. Aquat Bot 22: 133–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo G (1987) Effects of salinity and nitrogen on growth and plant water relations in the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. New Phytol 107: 317–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson NH, Thibodeau FR (1985) Association between pore water sulfide concentrations and the distribution of mangroves. Biogeochemistry 1: 183–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Oertli JJ (1968) Extracellular salt accumulation: a possible mechanism of salt injury in plants. Agrochimica 12: 461–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitman MG (1977) Ion transport into the xylem. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 28: 71–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Popp M (1984a) Chemical composition of Australian mangroves. I. Inorganic ions and organic acids. Z Pflanzenphysiol 113: 395–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Popp M (1984b) Chemical composition of Australian mangroves. II. Low molecular weight carbohydrates. Z Pflanzenphysiol 113: 411–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Popp M, Larher F, Weigel P (1984) Chemical composition of Australian mangroves. III. Free amino acids, total methylated onium compounds and total nitrogen. Z Pflanzenphysiol 114: 15–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz D (1978) Early growth of mangrove seedlings in Panama, and an hypothesis concerning the relationship of dispersal and zonation. J Biogeogr 5: 113–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson SP, Downton WJS (1984) Potassium, sodium and chloride content of isolated intact chloroplasts in relation to ionic compartmentation in leaves. Arch Biochem Biophys 228: 197–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson SP, Downton WJS (1985) Potassium, sodium and chloride concentrations in leaves and isolated chloroplasts of the halophyte Suaeda australis R Br. Aust J Plant Physiol 12: 471–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson SP, Downton WJS, Mulhouse JA (1983) Photosynthesis and ion content of leaves and isolated chloroplasts of salt-stressed spinach. Plant Physiol 72: 238–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenger P, Specht MM, Specht RL, Chapman VJ (1977) Mangal and coastal salt-marsh communities in Australasia. In: Chapman VJ (ed) Wet Coastal Ecosystems, Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, pp 293–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholander PF (1968) How mangroves desalinate seawater. Physiol Plant 21: 251–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholander PF, Dam L van, Scholander SI (1955) Gas exchange in the roots of mangroves. Am J Bot 42: 92–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholander PF, Hammel HT, Hemmingsen EA, Garey W (1962) Salt balance in mangroves. Plant Physiol 37: 722–729

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholander PF, Hammel HT, Hemmingsen EA, Bradstreet ED (1964) Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic potential in leaves of mangroves and some other plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 52: 119–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholander PF, Bradstreet ED, Hammel HT, Hemmingsen EA (1966) Sap concentrations in halophytes and some other plants. Plant Physiol 41: 529–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Semeniuk V (1983) Mangrove distribution in northwestern Australia in relationship to regional and local freshwater seepage. Vegetatio 53: 11–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Semeniuk V, Wurm PAS (1987) The mangroves of the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. J R Soc Western Aust 69: 29–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimony C, Fahn A, Reinhold L (1973) Ultrastructure and ion gradients in the salt glands of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. New Phytol 72: 27–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith BN, Epstein S (1971) Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiol 47: 380–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith TJ III (1987) Seed predation in relation to tree dominance and distribution in mangrove forests. Ecology 68: 266–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg L da SL, Swart PK (1987) Utilization of freshwater and ocean water by coastal plants of Southern Florida. Ecology 68: 1898–1905

    Google Scholar 

  • Thibodeau FR, Nickerson NH (1986) Differential oxidation of mangrove substrate by Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle. Am J Bot 73: 512–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson PB (1986) The botany of mangroves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 62–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Valiela I (1984) Marine ecological processes. Springer, New York Berlin Heidelberg, pp 312–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Waisel Y, Eshel A, Agami M (1986) Salt balance of leaves of the mangrove, Avicennia marina. Physiol Plant 67: 67–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson JC (1928) Mangrove forests of the Malayan peninsula. Mala For Rec 6: 1–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeo AR, Flowers TJ (1986) Ion transport in Suaeda maritima: its relation to growth and implications for the pathway of radial transport of ions and water across the root. J Exp Bot 37: 143–159

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ball, M.C. Ecophysiology of mangroves. Trees 2, 129–142 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196018

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196018

Key words

Navigation