Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bud structure and resprouting in coppiced stools of Salix viminalis L., S. eriocephala Michx., and S. amygdaloides Anders

  • Published:
Trees Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Fast-growing willows are cultivated as coppice in short rotation biomass plantations. The production and sustainability of the system is based on the ability of trees to resprout after repeated harvesting. The large variation in coppicing ability is due to plant genotypic differences in structure and physiology as well as environmental factors. Morphological and structural prerequisites for resprouting were compared in two shrubby willows with high coppicing ability, S. viminalis and S. eriocephala, and one tree-formed species, S. amygdaloides, with low coppicing ability. The initiation and development of buds and the resprouting pattern of coppiced stools were compared. All buds were axillary in origin and showed the same principal structure consisting of one main shoot primordium and two lateral primordia. In S. viminalis and S. eriocephala the lateral buds contained several leaf primordia and sprouted shortly after the main bud. In S. amygdaloides further development of lateral buds was inhibited after formation of two budscales, and leaf primordia were not formed until the buds were forced to sprout. The number of sprouts developing after coppicing were correlated to the structure and number of buds and their position on the stools. Self-thinning rate was high and many shoots originating from lateral buds died. Most buds were located above ground on the remaining basal portions of harvested stems. No adventitious buds were found on the stools. Significantly different bud differentiation pattern and frequent sylleptic sprouting resulted in lower coppice response in S. amygdaloides compared to S. viminalis and S. eriocephala.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Auclair D (1988) Growth and physiology of coppice. In: Ferm A (ed) Cell culture and coppicing. Proceedings IEA Task II Meeting and Workshop, 24–29 August 1987, Oulu, Finland. Finn For Res Inst Kannus, Finland, pp 42–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Berggren B (1987) Structure and cytochemistry of the procambium in Salix buds during dormancy and dormancy breaking. Nord J Bot 7: 153–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Braham RR, Kellison RC (1987) Suppressed buds in yellow-poplar. J Elisha Mitchell Sci 103: 47–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunkener L (1984) Gross morphology and anatomy of current shoots of Salix. Swed Univ Agric Sci EFP, Uppsala, Sweden, Rep 34

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunkener L (1988) Gross morphological and anatomical aspects of shoot growth in Salix. Swed Univ Agric Sci EFP, Uppsala, Sweden, Rep 45

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannell MGR, Sheppard LJ, Milne R (1988) Light use efficiency and woody biomass production of poplar and willow. Forestry 61: 125–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrodus BB, Blake TJ (1970) Studies of the lignotubers of Eucalyptus obliqua L'Herit. I. The nature of lignotuber. New Phytol 69: 1069–1072

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceulemans R, Stettler RF, Hinckley TM, Isebrands JG, Heilman PE (1990) Crone architecture of Populus clones as determined of branch orientation and branch characteristics. Tree Physiol 7: 157–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Chattaway MM (1958) Bud development and lignotuber formation in eucalypts. Austr J Bot 6: 103–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Church TV, Godman RM Jr (1966) The formation and development of dormant buds in sugar maple. For Sci 12: 301–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Cremer KW (1972) Morphology and development of the primary and accessory buds of Eucalyptus regnans. Austr J Bot 20: 175–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickmann DI, Pregitzer KS (1992) The structure and dynamics of woody plant root systems In: Mitchell CP, Ford-Robertson JB, Hinckley T, Sennerby-Forsse L (eds) Ecophysiology of short rotation forest crops. Elsevier, London, pp 95–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorn RD (1986) A synopsis of American Salix. Can J Bot 54: 2769–2789

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson T (1981) Effects of varied nitrogen stress on growth and nutrition in three Salix clones. Physiol Plant 51: 423–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink S (1980a) Anatomische Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen von Spross- und Wurzelanlagen im Stammbereich von Laub- und Nadelbäumen. I. Proventive Anlagen. Allg Forst Jagdz 151: 181–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink S (1980b) Anatomische Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen von Spross- und Wurzelanlagen im Stammbereich von Laub- und Nadelbäumen. II. Adventive Anlagen. Allg Forst Jagdz 152: 181–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink S (1983) The occurrence of adventitious and preventitious buds within the bark of some temperate and tropical trees. Am J Bot 70: 532–542

    Google Scholar 

  • Fjell I (1985) Preformation of root primordia in shoots and root morphogenesis in Salix viminalis. Nord J Bot 5: 357–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Fjell I (1988) Morphogenesis of the root cap in adventitious roots of Salix viminalis. Nord J Bot 5: 555–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahne B (1926) The origin of secondary dormant buds in deciduous fruit trees. Univ Calif Berkeley Publ Bot 13: 125–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Halle F, Oldeman RA, Tomlison PB (1978) Tropical trees and forests. An architectural analysis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington CA (1984) Factors influencing initial sprouting of red alder. Can J For Res 14: 357–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington CA and DeBell DS (1984) Effects of irrigation, pulp mill sludge and repeated coppicing on growth and yield of black cottonwood and red alder. Can J For Res 14: 844–849

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartig T (1878) Anatomie and physiologie der holzpflanzen. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinckley TM, Braatne J, Ceulemans R, Clum P, Dunlap J, Newman D, Smit B, Scaracia-Mugnosa G, VanVolkenburg E (1992) Growth dynamics and canopy structure. In: Mitchell CP, Ford-Robertson JB, Hinckley T, Sennerby-Forsse L (eds) Ecophysiology of short rotation forest crops. Elsevier, London, pp 1–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Houkal D, Ponce E (1985) Basal sprouting in Pinus oocarpa. Turrialba 35: 96–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard WF (1904) The basket willow. US Dept of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry, Bulletin no 46

  • Hytönen J (1985) Effect of cutting season, felling method and stump height on sprouting ability of energy willows and some other hardwoods. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen Tiedonantoja 206: 40–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Isebrands JG, Nelson ND (1982) Crown architecture of short-rotation, intensively cultured Populus. II. Branch morphology and distribution of leaves within the crown of Populus ‘Tristis’ as related to biomass production. Can J For Res 12: 853–864

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauppi A, Rinne P, Ferm A (1987) Initiation, structure and sprouting of dormant basal buds in Betula pubescens. Flora 179: 55–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauppi A, Rinne P, Ferm A (1988) Sprouting ability and significance for coppicing of dormant buds on Betula pubescens Ehrh. stumps. Scand J For Res 3: 343–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauppi A, Paukkonen K, Rinne P (1991) Sprouting ability of aerial and underground dormant basal buds of Betula pendula. Can J For Res 18: 1603–1613

    Google Scholar 

  • Kormanic PP, Brown CL (1969) Origin and development of epicormic branches in sweetgum. USDA For Ser Res Paper SE-54

  • Kozlowski TT (1971) Growth and development of trees. I. Seed germination, ontogeny and shoot growth. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson PR, Pizzolato TD (1977) Axillary bud development in Populus deltoides. I. Origin and early ontogeny. Am J Bot 64: 835–848

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann LK (1984) First-year regeneration in upland hardwoods after two levels of residue removal. Can J For Res 14: 336–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosseler A (1987) Interspecific hybridization and reproductive barriers between some North American willow species. PhD Thesis, University of Toronto

  • Mosseler A, Zsuffa L, Stoehr MV, Kenney WA (1988) Variation in biomass production, moisture content and specific gravity in some North American willows (Salix L.). Can J For Res 18: 1535–1540

    Google Scholar 

  • Paukkonen K, Kauppi A, Ferm A (1992) Origin, structure and shootformation ability of buds in cutting-origin stools of Salix ‘Aquatica’. Flora 186: 53–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Pohjonen V (1984) Biomass production with willows — What did we know before the energy crisis? In: Perttu K (eds) Ecology and management of forest biomass production systems. Swed Univ Agric Sci Dept Ecol Environ Res Rep 15:563–588

  • Powell GR, Vescio SA (1986) Syllepsis in Larix larisina: occurrence and distribution of sylleptic long shoots and their relationship with age and vigour in young plantation-grown trees. Can J For 16: 597–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Sennerby-Forsse L (1986) Seasonal variation in the ultrastructure of the cambium in young stems of willow (Salix viminalis) in relation to phenology. Physiol Plant 67: 529–537

    Google Scholar 

  • Sennerby-Forsse L, vonFircks HA (1987) Ultrastructure of the vascular cambium during winter hardening and spring dehardening in Salix dasyclados Wimm. grown under two nutrient levels. Trees 1: 151–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Sennerby-Forsse L, Sirén G, Lestander TA (1983) Results from the first preliminary test with short rotation willow clones. Swed Univ Agric Sci Dept Ecol Environ Res Rep 30

  • Sennerby-Forsse L, Berggren B, Brunkener L, Fjell I (1984) Growth behaviour and anatomy of meristems in Salix. In: Perttu K (eds) Ecology and management of forest biomass production systems. Swed Univ Agric Sci Dept Ecol Environ Res Rep 15:481–501

  • Sennerby-Forsse L, Ferm A, Kauppi A (1992) Coppicing ability and sustainability. In: Mitchell CP, Ford-Robertson JB, Hinckley T, Sennerby-Forsse L (eds) Ecophysiology of short rotation forest crops. Elsevier, London, pp 146–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirén G, Sennerby-Forsse L, Ledin S (1987) Energy plantations — short rotation forestry in Sweden. In: Hall DO, Overend R (eds) Biomass. John Wiley, London, pp 119–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurr AE (1969) A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. J Ultrastruct Res 26: 31–43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verwijst T (1991) Shoot mortality and dynamics of live and dead biomass in a stand of S. viminalis. Biomass Bioenergy 1: 35–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Willebrand E, Ledin S, Verwijst T (1993) Willow coppice systems in short rotation forestry: effects of plant spacing, rotation length and clonal composition. Biomass Bioenergy 4: 323–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright LL (1988) Are increased yields in coppice systems a myth? In: Ferm A (eds) Cell culture and coppicing. Proc IEA Task II Meeting and Workshop, 24–29 August 1987, Oulu, Finland. Finn For Res Inst Kannus, Finland, pp 50–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Zsuffa L, Sennerby-Forsse L, Weisgerber H, Hall R (1993) Strategies for clonal forestry with poplars, aspens and willows. In: Ahuja MR, Libby WJ (eds) Clonal forestry: genetics, biotechnology and application. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 91–119

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Faculty of Forestry, P.O. Box 7072, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    L. Sennerby-Forsse

  2. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, M5S 3B3, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    L. Zsuffa

Authors
  1. L. Sennerby-Forsse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. Zsuffa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sennerby-Forsse, L., Zsuffa, L. Bud structure and resprouting in coppiced stools of Salix viminalis L., S. eriocephala Michx., and S. amygdaloides Anders. Trees 9, 224–234 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00195277

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00195277

Key words

Search

Navigation