Summary
In the field, root systems develop in response to both endogenous plant design and soil environment. Downward penetration of root systems results primarily from the growth of monocot axes or of dicot taproots; root proliferation at a given depth results from the growth of laterals at that depth. Root length densities generally decline exponentially with depth under well-watered conditions. Root growth rates are partially controlled by soil conditions. Under irrigation, the most critical soil properties for root growth are oxygen diffusion rate, water content and soil strength and all of these properties are inter-related. Under excess irrigation, especially in heavy soils, root growth may be limited by oxygen diffusion rate. Under limited irrigation, root growth may be limited by lack of water or high soil strength. When irrigation maintains wet surface soils, most of the root system is found in the upper part of the profile where the majority of the water is also taken up.
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Klepper, B. Crop root system response to irrigation. Irrig Sci 12, 105–108 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00192280
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00192280