Abstract
We review the progress made at our laboratory over the past several years in developing grazing-incidence imaging X-ray optics. Mirrors, detection systems and dispersion techniques are discussed and experimental results are given. We discuss the application of two telescope systems to a number of experimental observations in X-ray astronomy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atkinson, P. A. and Pounds, K. A.: 1964, J. Phot. Sci. 12, 302.
Ballas, J., Knapp, G., Wiza, J., and Zehnpfennig, T.: 1968, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-15, 551.
Bell, K. L. and Kingston, A. E.: 1967, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 136, 241.
Bird, G. R. and Parrish, M., Jr.: 1960, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 50, 886.
Blake, R. L., Chubb, T. A., Friedman, H., and Unzicker, A. E.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 142, 1.
Blanco, V., Kunkel, W., Hiltner, W. A., Lynga, G., Gradt, H., Clark, G., Naranan, S., Rappaport, S., and Spada, G.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 152, 1015.
Bowyer, S., Byram, E. T., Chubb, T. A., and Friedman, H.: 1964, Science 146, 912.
Bradley, D. E.: 1965, in Techniques for Electron Microscopy (ed. by D. H. Kay), F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, p. 58.
Bradt, H., Mayer, W., Naranan, S., Rappaport, S., and Spada, G.: 1967, Astrophys. J. Letters 150, L199.
Bradt, H., Naranan, S., Rappaport, S., and Spada, G.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 152, 1005.
Byram, E. T., Chubb, T. A., and Friedman, H.: 1966, Science 152, 66.
Compton, A. H. and Allison, S. K.: 1963, in X-rays in Theory and Experiment, D. Van Noslrand Co., New York, Chapter IV.
Ehrenberg, W.: 1949, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39, 746.
Elliott, S. B.: 1963, in X-ray Optics and X-ray Microanalysis, Third International Symposium, Stanford, 1962 (ed. by H. H. Pattee, V. E. Cosslett, and A. Engström), Academic Press, New York, p. 215.
Evans, K. and Pounds, K. A.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 152, 319.
Friedman, H.: 1967, Ann. Rev. Nuc. Sci. 17, 317.
Friedman, H. and Byram, E. T.: 1967, Science 158, 257.
Giacconi, R. and Rossi, B.: 1960, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 773.
Giacconi, R., Gursky, H., and Waters, J. R.: 1965, Nature 207, 572.
Giacconi, R., Reidy, W. P., Zehnpfennig, T., Lindsay, J. C., Muney, W. S.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 142, 1274.
Giacconi, R., Gorenstein, P., Gursky, H., Usher, P. D., Waters, J. R., Sandage, A., Osmer, P., and Peach, J. V.: 1967a, Astrophys. J. Letters 148, L129.
Giacconi, R., Gorenstein, P., Gursky, H., and Waters, J. R.: 1967b, Astrophys. J. Letters 148, L119.
Goodrich, G. W. and Wiley, W. C.: 1962, Rev. Sci. Instr. 33, 761.
Gorenstein, P., Giacconi, R., and Gursky, H.: 1967, Astrophys. J. Letters 150, L85.
Gould, R. J.: 1967, Am. J. Phys. 35, 376.
Guentert, O. J.: 1965, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1361.
Gursky, H. and Zehnpfennig, T.: 1966, Appl. Opt. 5, 875.
Gursky, H., Giacconi, R., Gorenstein, P., Waters, J. R., Oda, M., Bradt, H., Garmire, G., and Sreekantan, B. V.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 146, 310.
Hayakawa, S., Matsuoka, M., and Sugimoto, D.: 1966, Space Sci. Rev. 5, 109.
Hendrick, R. W.: 1957, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 47, 165.
Henke, B. L.: 1960, in X-Ray Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, Second International Symposium (ed. by A. Engström, V. E. Cosslett, and H. H. Pattee), Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Kirkpatrick, P. and Baez, A. V.: 1948, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38, 766.
Lindsay, J. C.: 1965, Ann. Astrophys. 28, 586.
Livingston, W. C.: 1965, in Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Third Symposium, London, 1965 (ed. by L. Marton), Academic Press, New York, p. 1967.
Lukirskii, A. P., Rumsh, M. A., and Smirnov, K. A.: 1960, Opt. i Spektroskopiya 9, 262.
Lukirskii, A. P., Savinov, E. P., Ershov, O. A., and Shepelev, Yu. F.: 1964, Opt. i Spektroskopiya 16, 310.
Mangus, J. D. and Underwood, J. H.: 1968, Appl. Opt. (in press).
McGee, J. F.: 1957, in X-Ray Microscopy and Micro radiography (ed. by V. E. Cosslett, A. Engström, and H. H. Pattee), Academic Press, New York, p. 164.
Möllenstedt, G., VonGrote, K. H., and Jönsson, C.: 1963, in X-Ray Optics and X-ray Micro-analysis, Third International Symposium, Stanford, 1962 (ed. by H. H. Pattee, V. E. Cosslett and A. Engström), Academic Press, New York, p. 73.
Morrison, P.: 1967, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 5, 325.
Neupert, W. M., Muney, W. S., and Adelman, S. J.: 1966, paper presented before the AAS, October, 1966.
Neupert, W. M., Gates, W., Swartz, M., and Young, R.: 1967, Astrophys. J. Letters 149, L79.
Nigam, A. N.: 1965, Phys. Rev. 138, A1189.
Oda, M., Bradt, H., Garmire, G., Spada, G., Sreekantan, B. V., Gursky, H., Giacconi, R., Gorenstein, P., and Waters, J. R.: 1967, Astrophys. J. Letters 148, L5.
Paolini, F. R., Giacconi, R., Manley, O., Reidy, W. P., Vaiana, G. S., and Zehnpfennig, T.: 1968, presented at the Special Meeting of the AAS on Solar Astronomy, Tucson, February, 1968.
Parratt, L. G.: 1954, Phys. Rev. 95, 359.
Parratt, L. G. and Hempstead, C. F.: 1954, Phys. Rev. 94, 1593.
Pounds, K. A.: 1965, J. Phot. Sci. 13, 20.
Pounds, K. A. and Russell, P. C.: 1966, in Space Res. vol. VI, p. 34.
Reidy, W. P., Vaiana, G. S., Zehnpfennig, T., and Giacconi, R.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 151, 333.
Sandage, A. R., Osmer, P., Giacconi, R., Gorenstein, P., Gursky, H., Waters, J., Bradt, H., Garmire, G., Sreekantan, B., Oda, M., Osawa, K., and Jugaku, J.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 146, 316.
Schnopper, H. W. and Clark, G. W.: 1968, presented at the 126th meeting of the AAS, Charlottesville, April, 1968, to be published in Space Sci. Rev.
Skelton, R. D. and DeLoach, A. C.: 1967, Analysis of Radiation Damage to ATM Film, NASA TM X-53666, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA, Huntsville, Ala.
Steward, G. C.: 1928, The Symmetrical Optical System, Cambridge University Press, London, p. 89.
Stewardson, E. A. and Underwood, J. H.: 1965, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 16, 1877.
Švestka, Z.: 1966, Space Sci. Rev. 5, 388.
Szilagyi, Z. and Blackman, E.: 1966, Phot. Sci. Eng. 10, 111.
Tucker, W. H.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 148, 745.
Underwood, J. H. and Muney, W. S.: 1967, Solar Phys. 1, 129.
Vaiana, G. S., Reidy, W. P., Zehnpfennig, T., VanSpeybroeck, L., and Giacconi, R.: 1968, Science 161, 564.
Walker, A. B. C., Rugge, H. R., Chater, W. T., and Howey, C. K.: 1967, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 48, 151.
Warren, B. E. and Clarke, J. S.: 1965, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 324.
Wolter, H.: 1952a, Ann. Physik 10, 94.
Wolter, H.: 1952b, Ann. Physik 10, 286.
Wiza, J.: 1968, private communication.
Yoneda, Y.: 1963, Phys. Rev. 131, 2010.
Zehnpfennig, T.: 1966, Appl. Opt. 5, 1855.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Giacconi, R., Reidy, W.P., Vaiana, G.S. et al. Grazing-incidence telescopes for X-ray astronomy. Space Sci Rev 9, 3–57 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00187578
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00187578