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Studies on Central African Pans III

Fauna and physico-chemical environment of some ephemeral pools

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Summary

Measurement have been recorded of alkalinity, pH, and diurnal temperature variation in twelve shallow ephemeral rain pools on aeolian Kalahari sand in Central Africa. These twelve pools were representative of many throughout the region and covered a wide range of volumes. All the pools, however, were subject to rapid temperature fluctuations on hot sunny days, from temperatures in water and mud of 20°C–25°C in the morning to 35°C–38°C (water) and 30°C–35°C (mud) in the afternoon. Where vegetation was present in larger pools and where ungulate faeces were abundant, the pools developed organic sediments which were analysed during the dry season. Organic (faecal) pollution was common in pools lying on salt lick areas frequented by game animals, and was therefore most marked in alkaline pools.

Macroscopic organisms were sampled by nets and with traps, and were analysed by number and by weight. Estimates are given of population density and of standing crop biomass. The biological properties of the pools (vegetation and pollution) had a marked effect on the macrofauna, qualitatively and quantitatively. This was reflected in mechanisms of dispersal and aestivation, and in respiratory mechanisms. Three probable food chains were demonstrated. The fauna comprised a restricted number of specialised species in certain groups — particularly well represented by species numbers were Coleoptera and Hemiptera, and quantitatively tadpoles, Odonata, Conchostraca and Anostraca were important. Predators formed a high proportion of the population. Standing crop biomass was highest in polluted alkaline pools in which tadpoles and Anisops were abundant.

Zusammenfassung

Aus zwölf seichten, flachen, ephemerischen Regenlöchern im äolischen Kalaharisand in Zentral-Afrika wurden Messungen von Alkalinität, pH und Tagestemperatur-Unterschieden aufgezeichnet. Diese zwölf Tümpel sind representativ für viele der ganzen Gegend und haben ganz verschiedenen Inhalt. Alle Tümpel waren rapiden Temperatur-Fluktuationen ausgesetzt an heißen, sonnigen Tagen, von Temperaturen von Wasser und Schlamm 20–25°C morgens, bis nachmittags von 35–38°C (Wasser), 30–35°C (Schlamm). Wo in größeren Teichen Vegetation vorhanden war und wo reichlich Ungulatkot war, entwickelten sich in den Teichen organische Sedimente, welche während der Trockenzeit analysiert wurden. Organische (Kot) Verunreinigung des Wassers war allgemein üblich in Teichen die in Salz-Lecke Gegenden, überhäuft von Wild, lagen, und fiel daher am meisten in alkalischen Teichen auf.

Proben von makroskopischen Organismen wurden mit Netzen und Fallen genommen und nach Nummer und Gewicht analysiert. Berechnungen der Bevölkerungsdichte und der Ergiebigkeit (Biomasse) sind angegeben. Die biologischen Eigenschaften der Teiche (Vegetation und Wasserverunreinigung) hatten eine auffallende Wirkung auf die Makro-Fauna, qualitativ und quantitativ. Dies reflektierte sich in ihrer Weise der Ausbreitung und Ästivation, und im Atmungsprozeß. Drei wahrscheinliche Nahrungsketten wurden vorgeführt. Die Fauna bestand aus einer beschränkten Zahl spezialisierter Arten von bestimmten Gruppen — besonders gut representiert durch Anzahl der Spezies waren Coleoptera und Hemiptera, und quantitativ bedeutend waren Kaulquappen, Odonata, Conchostraca und Anostraca. Predatoren formten eine hohe Proportion der Bevölkerung. Die Ergiebigkeit (Biomasse) war am höchsten in verunreinigten, alkalischen Teichen in welchen reichlich Kaulquappen und Anisops anwesend waren.

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Weir, J.S. Studies on Central African Pans III. Hydrobiologia 33, 93–116 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00181682

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