Summary
The evolution of operations to repair or substitute the anterior cruciate ligament is summarized for the period 1903 to the present. The increase in the understanding of the function of the ligament is described and in the light of this experience a programme for the management of these lesions is suggested. In acute lesions in a young sportsman the loss of the stability provided by the central pivot prevents competition at high level and operation to repair, substitute, or reinforce the ligament is recommended. In the older athlete non-intervention may be acceptable in view of the knowledge that the adverse mechanical consequences of a rupture of the ACL may be lessened by appropriate rehabilitation. Such measures may be successful for a couple of years, but usually, within five years, functional symptoms will appear. In patients who are middle aged, or those with no competitive need, rehabilitation only is usually adequate, and surgical reconstruction is rarely necessary. In chronic lesions operation should probably only be undertaken when instability is a notable problem. Reconstruction may be accomplished by an autograft using a bone patella bone, semi-membranosis or semi-tendonosis transfer, allograft substitution or a prosthesis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alwin-Smith SA (1918) The diagnosis and treatment of injures to the crucial ligaments. Br J Surg 6: 176
Arnoczky SP, Warren R, Minei J (1986) Replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament using a synthetic prothesis. An evaluation of graft biology in the dog. Am J Sports Med 1: 6
Bartsch H, Zak K, Stelter M (1984) Implantation des goretex-polytetrafluorathylen-prothesebandes am Schafknie. Biomaterialen und Nahtmaterial. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 239–242
Bertocchi C, Bianchetti M (1923) Sull'evoluzione degli innesti autoplastici transossei e transarticolari di fascia e di tendine con particolare riguardo alla ricostruzione dei legamenti crociati. Chirurgia degli Organi di Movimento (Vol 7)
Blazina MES, Kennedy JC (1975) Surgical technique for prosthetic cruciate ligament replacement. Richards Manufactoring C Inc, Memphis, Tennessee
Bonnel F, Jaeger JH, Mansat Ch (1984) Les laxités chroniques du genou. Masson, Paris
Bosworth DM, Bosworth BM (1936) Use of fascia lata to stabilize the knee in cases of ruptured cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg 18: 178–179
Bousquet G (1988) Anatomo-fisiologia del ginocchio. J Sports Traumatol Rel Res 3: 34
Bousquet G, Le Bequet P, Girardin Ph (1992) Le lassità croniche di ginocchio, Fisiologia, fisiopatologia, clinica e terapia. Verduci, editore
Bruckner M (1966) Eine neue Methode der Kreuzband. Plastik Chir 37: 413
Cabot JR (1957) Traitement chirurgical des lésions récentes de l'appareil capsulo-ligamentaire du genou dans le sport. Medicina Sportiva A XI 12: 620–636
Campbell WC (1936) Repair of the ligaments of the knee joint. Surg Gynec Obst 62: 964–968
Garnevali SL (1938) La ricostruzione dei legamenti crociati del ginocchio. Archivio di Ortopedia, 717–757
Clancy W (1963) Anterior cruciate ligament functional instability. Clin Orthop Rel Res 172: 102–106
Corner C (1914) The role of the crucial ligaments in haemarthrus and injures to knee. Lancet, Maggio
Cotte D (1929) Lyon chirurgical. Nov–Déc 1929, 6
Dahan P, Rey P, Leandri J, Wierzbichi Z (1986) Tendon achilles and anterior cruciate ligament remplacement by a new synthetic fiber (polyarylamide). Meeting Sport Traumatology, Pavia
Dejour H, Adeleine P, Neyret Ph, Walch G (1988) Résultats des laxités chroniques antérieures opérées. Rev Chir Orthop 7: 622–636
Dejour H, Chambat P (1984) J Lyon Chir Genou — Lyon
Della Torre A (1920) Sul distacco traumatico dei legamenti crociati del ginocchio. Clin Chir II
Dupuy de Frenelle (1920) Journal de Chirurgie, vol 4
Engebretsen L, Lew WD, Lewis WD, Hunter RE (1989) Knee joint motion and ligament force in nonaugmented and augmented repairs of ACL ruptures. Trans Orthop Res Soc (35th Meeting Las Vegas)
Eryksson E (1976) Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Orthop Clin North Am 7:1–5
Freeman MA, Wyke BD (1967) The innervation of the knee joint. An anatomical and histological study in the cat. J Anat 101: 505–532
Fu F (1989) The use of fresh frozen allograft tissue in knee ligament reconstruction: indications, techniques, results and controversies. AAOS Washington, DC
Fujiikawa K (1988) Clinical study of cruciate ligament reconstruction with Leeds Keio artificial ligament. 2nd annual symposium on prosthetic ligament reconstruction of the knee, Philadelphia, p 132
Gillquist J (1990) Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with the Stryker polyester ligament augmentation graft. 4 Congress of the European society of the knee surgery and arthroscopy, Stockholm
Goetjes H (1913) Umschriebene Binnenverletzungen des Kniegelenkes. D Zeitsch F Chir 123
Grood ES, Noyes FR (1976) Cruciate ligament prothesis: strength, creep, and fatigue properties. J Bone Jt Surg 58-A: 1083–1088
Halata Z (1977) The ultrastructure of the sensory nerve endings in the articulars capsule of the domestic cat (Ruffini and Pacinian corpuscles) J Anat 124: 717–729
Hey Groves EW (1917) Operation for the repair of the crucial ligaments. Lancet 2: 674
Hey Groves EW (1920) The crucial ligaments of the knee joint: their function, rupture and the operative treatment of the same. Br J Surg 7: 505
Holzel P (1917) Fall von Zerreißung beider Kreuzbänder des linken Kniegelenks, geheilt durch Ersatz aus dem luxierten äußeren Meniscus. Münch Med Wochenschr Ferdarztlbeil, 28
Hromada S, Polacek P (1958) A contribution to the morphology of encapsulated nerve endings in the joint capsule and in the periarticular tissue. Acta An 33: 187–202
Jenkins DHR, Forster IW, McKibbin B, Ralis ZA (1977) Induction of tendon and ligament formation by carbon implants. J Bone Jt Surg 59-B: 53–57
Indelicato PA, Woods AG, Branch PT, Huegel M (1990) The Goretex anterior cruciate ligament prosthesis: two versus three-year results. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 57th annual meeting, New Orleans
Kennedy J (1983) Application of prosthetics to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and repair. Clin Orthop 172: 125–128
Kenneth Jones G (1963) Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. A technique using the One-Third of the patellar ligament. J Bone Joint Surg 45-A: 925
Kirschner K (1910) Die praktischen Ergebnisse der freien Fascien Transplantation. Arch F Klin Chir 92
Lanzetta A (1989) Réparation ligamentaire par plastie combinée auto et heterogène dans les lésions du LCA. Sofcot Parigi 80
Lanzetta A, Capitani D, Ventura A (1991) Réparation combinée auto-hétéroplastique ligamentaire dans les laxités chroniques antérieures du genou. Acta Orthop Belg 4: 420–426
Lindemann K (1950) Über den plastischen Ersatz der Kreuzbänder durch gestielte Sehnenverpflanzungen. Z Orthop 79: 316–334
Ludloff K (1927) Der operative Ersatz des vorderen Kreuzbandes am Knie. Zentralbl F Chir 50: 3162
Mansat Ch (1989) Notre expérience du Proflex dans la plastie du ligament croisé antérieur. XVII Journées de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique de l'Hôpital Bichat
Matti H (1918) Ersatz des gerissenen vorderen Kreuzbandes durch extra articulare freie Fascientransplantation. Münchner Med Wochenschr 17: 451
Michele AA (1950) Relaxed anterior cruciate ligament. Surgery 4: 588–593
Mockwitz J, Contzen H (1983) Alloplastic correction of chronic knee ligament instability with polyaethyleneterephtalate. Akt Probl Chir Orthop 26: 110–115
Morian C (1915) Beitrag zur Kreuzbandverletzung. Dtsch Zeitschr Chir 133
Müller P (1914) Ein Fall von Abreißung des vorderen Ligamentum Cruciatum and Bruch der Tubercula Intercondyloidea Tibiae. Beitr Z Clin Chir 49
Nicoletti M (1913) Rafforzamento e sostituzione dei legamenti articolari con lembi di connettivi diversi. Vol per il giubileo scientifico del Prof Roth, Roma
O'Donogue H (1959) Le traitement chirurgical des traumatismes des ligaments du genou. Jama 169: 1423–1431
Pagenstecher F (1904) Die isolierte Zerreißung der Kreuzbänder des Knies. Archivio Orthop 67
Palmer I (1938) On the injuries of the ligament of the knee joint: a clinical study. Acta Chir Scand 53: 1–283
Paulos LE, Rosenberg TD, Tearse DS, Grewe SR (1990) Goretex prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a long term follow-up. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 57, Annual Meeting, New Orleans
Passutti N, Daculsi G, Gouin F, Martin S, Vigneron M (1989) Ligamentoplastie du ligament croisé anterieur: étude experimentale de fibres aramides intra-articulaires chez le chien. Rev Chir Orthop 75: 353–359
Perthes G (1926) Über die Wiederbefestigung des abgerissenen Kreuzbandes im Kniegelenk. Zentralbl F Chir 14
Perugia L, Puddu G, Mariani P (1982) Les laxités chroniques antéro-médiales et antéro-latérales du genou chez les athlètes. Rev Chir Orthop 68: 365–368
Pototschnig G (1931) La ricostruzione del LCA secondo Gold. Arch Orthopedia 151–164
Puddu G (1980) Method for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using the semitendinosus tendon. Am J Sports Med 8: 402–404
Putti V (1920) La ricostruzione dei legamenti crociati del ginocchio. Chir Org Mov 4: 96
Roth JH, Kennedy JC, Lockstadt H, Mc Callum C, Cunning L (1985) Polypropylene braid augmented and nonaugmented intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 13: 321–336
Schabus R (1988) Die Bedeutung der Augmentation für die Rekonstruktion des vorderen Kreuzbandes. Acta Chir Austr Suppl 76: 1–48
Stark J (1850) Two cases of rupture of the crucial ligaments of the knee joint. Edimburg Med Surg J 74: 267
Schultz R, Miller O, Keer C (1984) Mechanoceptors in human cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg 66-A: 1072–1076
Takeda S (1960) On relationship between arthroscopic findings and histological changes of the synovial membrane. J Jpn Orthop Ass 34: 373
Tisserand J (1922) Lyon Chirurgical Nr 4
Trillat A (1973) Chirurgie du genou. Masson Paris
Uffreduzzi O (1927) Sulla rottura dei menischi del ginocchio e su lesioni similari. Minerva Med 20
Watanabe M, Takeda S (1960) The number 21 arthroscope. J Jpn Orthop Ass 34: 1041
Witvoet J, Cristel P (1985) Renforcement des plasties du ligament croisé antérieur par des fibres de carbone. Rev Chir Orthop 71: suppl II, 121–125
Zanoli (1926) Fratture del ginocchio. Chir Org Mov X: 4–5
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lanzetta, A., Garotta, L. & Vizzardi, M. Histoire récente des substituts ligamentaires du croisé antérieur. International Orthopaedics 19, 127–132 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00179974
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00179974