Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physical properties of the natural satellites

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper reviews the physical nature of the satellites of the planets, excluding the Moon but including the rings of Saturn. Emphasis is placed on the best studied objects: Titan, Phobos and Deimos, the four Galilean satellites (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto), and the rings of Saturn.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, D. A.: 1971, in T. Gehrels (ed.), Physical Studies of Minor Planets, NASA SP-267, p. 41.

  • Allen, D. A. and Murdock, T. L.: 1971, Icarus 14, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anders, E.: 1971, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 9, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. D., Null, G. W., and Wong, S. K.: 1974, Science 183, 322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, L.: 1972, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 4, 313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, L. and Burkhead, M. S.: 1970, Astron. J. 75, 743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aumann, H. H., and Kieffer, H. H.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 186, 305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aumann, H. H., Gillespie, C. M., Jr., and Low, F. J.: 1969, Astrophys. J. Letters 157, L69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axel, L.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 173, 451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M.: 1971, Science 173, 812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, E. S. and Trafton, L. M.: 1973, Icarus 20, 444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholdi, P. and Owen, F.: 1972, Astron. J. 77, 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berge, G. L. and Muhleman, D. O.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 185, 373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berge, G. L. and Read, R. B.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 152, 755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binder, A. B. and Cruikshank, D. P.: 1964, Icarus 3, 299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binder, A. B. and Cruikshank, D. P.: 1966a, Icarus 5, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binder, A. B. and Cruikshank, D. P.: 1966b, Astrophys. J. 144, 1240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanco, C. and Catalano, S.: 1971, Astron. Astrophys. 14, 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobrov, M. S.: 1970, in A. Dollfus (ed.), Surfaces and Interiors of Planets and Satellites, Academic Press, New York, p. 377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobrov, M. S.: 1972, Astron. Zh. 49, 427; transl. in Soviet Astron. — AJ 16, 348 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowell, E. and Zellner, B.: 1973, in T. Gehrels (ed.), Planets, Stars and Nebulae Studied with Photo polarimetry, University of Arizona, Tucson, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, F. H.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 182, 999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, R. T.: 1973, Icarus 19, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, R. T. and Millis, R. L.: 1973, Sky Telesc. 45, 93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer, D. and Clemence, G. M.: 1961, in G. P. Kuiper and B. M. Middelhurst (eds.), Planets and Satellites, University of Chicago, Chicago, p. 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. A.: 1974 in A. Woszczyk and C. Iwaniszewska (eds.), ‘Exploration of the Planetary System’, IAU Symp. 65, in press.

  • Burns, J.: 1972, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 19, 463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, J., Larach, D. R., and Danielson, R. E.: 1973, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 5, 305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, A. G. W.: 1973, Space Sci. Rev. 14, 383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, R. W., Bhattacharyya, J. C., Smith, B. A., Johnson, T. V., Hidayat, B., Smith, S. A., Taylor, G. E., O'Leary, B. T., and Brinkmann, R. T.: 1973, Science 182, 53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cess, R. and Owen, T.: 1973, Nature 245, 272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. C.: 1968, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Signet Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colombo, G. and Franklin, F. A.: 1971, Icarus 15, 186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A. F. and Franklin, F. A.: 1970, Icarus 13, 282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A. F., Franklin, F. A., and Palluconi, F. D.: 1973, Icarus 18, 317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coupinot, G.: 1973, Icarus 19, 212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruikshank, D. P. and Morrison, D.: 1972, Sky Telesc. 44, 83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruikshank, D. P. and Murphy, R. E.: 1973, Icarus 20, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielson, R. E. and Tomasko, M. G.: 1971, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 3, 243; see also unsigned article in Sky Telesc. 42, 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielson, R. E., Caldwell, J. J., and Larach, D. R.: 1973, Icarus 20, 437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dermott, S. F.: 1970, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 149, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dermott, S. F.: 1972, Icarus 17, 223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: 1961, in G. P. Kuiper and B. M. Middlehurst (eds.), Planets and Satellites, University of Chicago, Chicago, p. 534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: 1967, Sky Telesc. 34, 136; see also IAU Circular No. 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: 1970, in A. Dollfus (ed.), Surface and Interiors of Planets and Satellites, Academic Press, New York, p. 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A.: 1971, in T. Gehrels (ed.), Physical Studies of Minor Planets, NASA SP-267, p. 95.

  • Dollfus, A. and Murray, J. B.: 1974, in A. Woszczyk and C. Iwaniszewska (eds.), ‘Exploration of the Planetary System’, IAU Symp. 65, in press.

  • Duncombe, R. L., Seidelmann, P. K., and Klepczynski, E. J.: 1973a, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 11, 135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncombe, R. L., Klepczynski, W. J., and Seidelmann, P. K.: 1973b, in A. G. W. Cameron, (ed.) Fundamentals of Cosmic Physics, in press.

  • Epstein, E. E., Dworetsky, M. M., Montgomery, J. W., Fogarty, W. G., and Schorn, R. A.: 1970, Icarus 13, 276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, F. W. and Murphy, R. E.: 1971, Icarus 15, 492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrin, I. R.: 1974, Icarus 22, in press.

  • Fink, U., Dekkers, N. H., and Larson, H. P.: 1973, Astrophys. J. Letters 179, L155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Focas, J. H. and Dollfus, A.: 1969, Astron. Astrophys. 2, 251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, F. A., Colombo, G., and Cook, A. F.: 1971, Icarus 15, 80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, O. and Millis, R.: 1970, Icarus 14, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, O. G. and Millis, R. L.: 1973, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 5, 304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, O., Millis, R., and Pettauer, T. V.: 1969, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 1, 344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillett, F. C., Forrest, W. J., and Merrill, K. M.: 1973, Astrophys. J. Letters 184, L93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillett, F. C., Merrill, K. M., and Stein, W. A.: 1970, Astrophys. Letters 6, 247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldreich, P. and Lynden-Bell, D.: 1969, Astrophys. J. 156, 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldreich, P. and Soter, S.: 1966, Icarus 5, 375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, R. M. and Morris, G.: 1973, Icarus 20, 260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gondolatsch, F.: 1965, in K. H. Hellwege and H. H. Voigt (eds.), Landolt- Börnstein Tables, New Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Vol. 1, p. 150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gradie, J. and Zellner, B.: 1973, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 5, 404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, T. F., Shorthill, R. W., and Smith, D. W.: 1973, Bull Am. Astron. Soc. 5, 306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gromova, L. V., Moroz, V. I., and Cruikshank, D. P.: 1970, Astron. Circular (U.S.S.R.), No. 569, p. 6 (in Russian).

  • Gross, S. H.: 1973, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 5, 305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guérin, P.: 1970, Sky Telesc. 40, 88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guérin, P.: 1973, Icarus 19, 202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hämeen-Antilla, K. A. and Pykkö, S.: 1972, Astron. Astrophys. 19, 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, O. L.: 1972, ‘Thermal Radiation from the Galilean Satellites Measured at 10 and 20 Microns’, Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, O. L.: 1973, Icarus 18, 237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, O. L.: 1974, Astrophys. J. Letters 187, in press.

  • Harris, D. L.: 1961, in G. P. Kuiper and B. M. Middlehurst (eds.), Planets and Satellites, University of Chicago, Chicago, p. 272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunten, D. M.: 1967, Space Sci. Rev. 6, 493.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hunten, D. M.: 1971, Space Sci. Rev. 12, 539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunten, D. M.: 1972, Comm. Astrophys. Space Phys. 4, 149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunten, D. M.: 1973, J. Atmospheric Sci. 30, 726.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, W. M. and Lane, A. P.: 1973, Icarus 18, 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, M.: 1973, ‘Short Wavelength Radio Observations of Saturn's Rings’, presented at JPL/NASA Workshop on the Rings of Saturn, Pasadena, Aug. 1973.

  • Johnson, H. L.: 1965, Comm. Lunar Planetary Lab. 3, 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. V.: 1969, ‘Albedo and Spectral Reflectivity of the Galilean Satellites of Jupiter’, Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. V.: 1971, Icarus 14, 94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. V. and McCord, T. B.: 1970, Icarus 13, 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. V. and McCord, T. B.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, 589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. V. and McGetchin, T. R.: 1973, Icarus 18, 612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, R. R., Knacke, R. F., and Owen, T.: 1973, Astrophys. J. Letters 183, L31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judge, D. L. and Carlson, R. W.: 1974, Science 183, 318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katterfeld, G. N. and Nesterovich, E. I.: 1971, Modern Geol. 2, 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, J. C. and Murphy, R. E.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 186, 679.

    Google Scholar 

  • KenKnight, C. E.: 1972, Astrophys. J. Letters 176, L43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khare, B. N. and Sagan, C.: 1973, Icarus 20, 311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieffer, H.: 1970, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiladze, R. I.: 1969, Byull. Abastuman. Astrofiz. Obs. 37 (in Russian).

  • Kliore, A., Cain, D. L., Fjeldbo, G., Seidel, B. L., and Rasool, S. I.: 1974, Science 183, 323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalevsky, J.: 1970, in A. Dollfus (ed.), Surfaces and Interiors of Planets and Satellites, Academic Press, New York, p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: 1944, Astrophys. J. 100, 378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: 1951, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 37, 717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: 1952, in G. P. Kuiper (ed.), The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, University of Chicago, p. 306.

  • Kuiper, G. P.: 1956, in A. Beer (ed.), Vistas in Astronomy 2, Pergamon Press, New York, p. 1631.

  • Kuiper, G. P.: 1957, Astron. J. 62, 245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: 1961, in G. P. Kuiper and B. M. Middlehurst (eds.), Planets and Satellites, University of Chicago, Chicago, p. 575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: 1965, in K. H. Hellwege and H. H. Voigt (eds.), Landolt-Börnstein Tables, New Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Vol. 1, p. 166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: 1972, Comm. Lunar Planetary Lab. 9, 199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P.: 1973, Sky Telesc. 46, 228 (unsigned news note).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, G. P., Cruikshank, D. P., and Fink, U.: 1970, Sky Telesc. 39, 14 (with correction in Sky Telesc. 39, 80).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzmin, A. D. and Losovsky, B. Ya.: 1973, Icarus 18, 222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, A. P. and Irvine, W. M.: 1973, Astron. J. 78, 267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebofsky, L. A.: 1972, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 4, 362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebofsky, L. A.: 1973, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 5, 307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebofsky, L. A., Johnson, T. V., and McCord, T. B.: 1970, Icarus 13, 226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T.: 1972, Comm. Lunar Planetary Lab. 9, 179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leovy, C. B. and Pollack, J. B.: 1973, Icarus 19, 195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. S.: 1971a, Science 172, 1127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. S.: 1971b, Icarus 15, 174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. S.: 1972, Icarus 16, 241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. S.: 1973, Space Sci. Rev. 14, 401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. S. and Prinn, R. G.: 173, Comm. Astrophys. Space Phys. 5, 1.

  • Low, F. J.: 1965, Bull. Lowell Obs. 5, 184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumme, K.: 1970, Astrophys. Space Sci. 8, 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson, D. L.: 1971, in T. Gehrels (ed.), Pysical Studies of Minor Planets, NASA SP-267, p. 45.

  • McCord, T. B., Johnson, T. V., and Elias, J. H.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 65, 413.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, T. R. and Brice, N. M.: 1973a, Nature 242, 513.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, T. R. and Brice, N. M.: 1973b, Icarus 20, 136.

    Google Scholar 

  • McElroy, M. B., Yung, Y. L., and Brown, R. A.: 1974, ‘Sodium Emission from Io: Implications’, Astrophys. J. Letters, in press.

  • McGovern, W. E.: 1971, in C. Sagan, T. C. Owen, and H. J. Smith (eds.), Planetary Atmospheres, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, p. 394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millis, R. L.: 1973, Icarus 18, 247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minton, R. B.: 1973, Comm. Lunar Planetary Lab. 10, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moroz, V. I.: 1965, Astron. Zh. 42, 1287; transl. in Soviet Astron — AJ 9, 999 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moroz, V. I.: 1967, Physics of Planets, Nauka Press, Moscow (translated in NASA TTF-515), p. 473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, D.: 1973a, Icarus 19, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, D.: 1973b, Comm. Astrophys. Space Phys. 5, 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, D.: 1973c, Bull. Astron. Soc. 5, 404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, D.: 1974, Icarus, in press.

  • Morrison, D. and Cruikshank, D. P.: 1973, Icarus 18, 224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, D., Cruikshank, D. P., Murphy, R. E., Martin, T. Z., Beery, J. G., and Shipley, J. P.: 1971, Astrophys. J. Letters 167, L107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, D., Cruikshank, D. P., and Murphy, R. E.: 1972, Astrophys. J. Letters 173, L143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, D., Morrison, N. D., and Lazarewicz, A.: 1974, ‘Four-Color Photometry of the Galilean Satellites’, submitted to Icarus.

  • Münch, G.: 1973, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 5, 305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, R. E.: 1973, Astrophys. J. Letters 181, L87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, R. E. and Aksnes, K.: 1973, Nature 244, 559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, R. E., Cruikshank, D. P., and Morrison, D.: 1972, Astrophys. J. Letters 177, L97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, B. C., Wildey, R. L., and Westphal, J. A.: 1964a, Astrophys. J. 139, 986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, B. C., Westphal, J. A., and Wildey, R. L.: 1964b, Astrophys. J. 141, 1590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newburn, R. L., Jr., and Gulkis, S.: 1973, Space Sci. Rev. 3, 179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noland, M., Veverka, J., and Pollack, J. B.: 1973, Icarus 20, 490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noland, M., Veverka, J., Morrison, D., Cruikshank, D. P., Lazarewicz, A., Elliot, J., Goguen, J., and Burns, J.: 1974, ‘Six-Color Photometry of Iapetus, Titan, Rhea, Dione and Tethys’, submitted to Icarus.

  • O'Leary, B. T.: 1972, Science 175, 1108.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Leary, B. T. and Miner, E. D.: 1973, Icarus 20, 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Leary, B. T. and Van Flandern, T. C.: 1972, Icarus 17, 209.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Leary, B. T. and Veverka, J. A.: 1971, Icarus 14, 265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Öpik, E. J.: 1963, Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 7, 490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, T. C.: 1965, Science 149, 974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, F. N. and Lazor, F. J.: 1973, Icarus 19, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascu, D.: 1973, Astron. J. 78, 794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettengill, G. H. and Hagfors, T.: 1974, Icarus, 21, in press.

  • Pilcher, C. B., Chapman, C. R., Lebofsky, L. A., and Kieffer, H. H.: 1970, Science 167, 1372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilcher, C. B., Ridgeway, S. T., and McCord, T. B.: 1972, Science 178, 1087.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, J. B.: 1973, Icarus 19, 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, J. B., Veverka, J., Noland, M., Sagan, C., Hartmann, W. K., Duxbury, T. C., Born, G. H., Milton, D. J., and Smith, B. A.: 1972, Icarus 17, 394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, J. B., Veverka, J., Noland, M., Sagan, C., Duxbury, T. C., Acton, C. H., Jr., Born, G. H., Hartmann, W. K., and Smith, B. A.: 1973a, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 4313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, J. B., Summers, A., and Baldwin, B.: 1973b, Icarus 20, 263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J. G.: 1960, J. Brit. Astron. Assoc. 70, 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, M. J.: 1973, Astron. J. 78, 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, M. J. and Hall, J. S.: 1971, Icarus 14, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rather, J. D. G., Ulich, B. L., and Ade, P. A. R.: 1974, ‘Brightness Temperature Measurements of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and Venus at 1 mm Wavelength’, submitted to Icarus.

  • Sagan, C.: 1971, Space Sci. Rev. 11, 827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagan, C.: 1973, Icarus 18, 649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinton, W. M.: 1972, Sky Telesc. 44, 304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinton, W. M.: 1973, Icarus 20, 284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. A.: 1970, Science 168, 828.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. A. and Smith, S. A.: 1972, Icarus 17, 218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soter, S.: 1973, CRSR 462, Cornell University.

  • Spinrad, H.: 1969, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 81, 895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, J.: 1927, Lick Obs. Bull. 13, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, J. and Jacobsen, T. S.: 1928, Lick Obs. Bull. 13, 180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, G. E.: 1972, Icarus 17, 202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Texereau, J.: 1967, Sky Telesc. 23, 226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. R.: 1972, EOS 53, 1090.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trafton, L.: 1972a, Astrophys. J. 175, 285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trafton, L.: 1972b, Astrophys. J. 175, 295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trafton, L.: 1974, Icarus 21, in press.

  • Veverka, J. 1971a, in T. Gehrels (ed.), Physical Studies of Minor Planets, NASA SP-267, p. 79.

  • Veverka, J.: 1971b, Icarus 14, 355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veverka, J.: 1973, Icarus 18, 657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veverka, J. and Noland, M.: 1973, Icarus 19, 230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wamsteker, W.: 1972, Comm. Lunar Planetary Lab. 9, 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, K., Murray, B. C., and Brown, H.: 1963, Icarus 1, 317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, D. L., Alksne, A. Y., and Whitten, R. C.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 174, 685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, E. A. and Greenberg, R. J.: 1973, Comm. Lunar Planetary Lab. 10, 70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widorn, Th.: 1952, Mitt. Univ.-Sternw. Wien 5, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrixon, G. T. and Welch, W. J.: 1970, Icarus 13, 163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Younkin, R. L.: 1974, Icarus 21, in press.

  • Zellner, B.: 1972a, Astrophys. J. Letters 174, L107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zellner, B.: 1972b, Astron. J. 77, 183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zellner, B.: 1973, Icarus 18, 661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zellner, B. and Copen, R. C.: 1974, ‘Minor Planets and Related Objects. XVI. Satellites of Mars’, Astron. J., in press.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 96822, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A.

    David Morrison & Dale P. Cruikshank

Authors
  1. David Morrison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dale P. Cruikshank
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

The authors dedicate this paper to the memory of Gerard P. Kuiper, who died on 24 December 1973. It was his pioneering research begun in the early 1940's that opened the era of physical studies of the satellites. That work, together with his lifelong study of the origin of the system of planets and satellites, provided the foundation upon which much of the work reviewed in this paper is based.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Morrison, D., Cruikshank, D.P. Physical properties of the natural satellites. Space Sci Rev 15, 641–739 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00175241

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00175241

Keywords

Search

Navigation