Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immunisation of rabbits against the brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus using tick haemolymph

  • Published:
Experimental & Applied Acarology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tick naive rabbits were immunised with haemolymph components from partially fed Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult ticks and subsequently challenged with all the developmental instars of the tick. The results obtained showed that the rabbits were rendered resistant to all the instars of the tick. However, the resistance was more pronounced in adult ticks than in the immature stages. The resistance was manifested as a reduction in the number of ticks that fed successfully to engorgement, reduced engorgement weights and reduced fecundities. Re challenging the resistant experimental rabbits with all the developmental instar stages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus showed that resistance was maintained in subsequent infestations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackerman, S., Brian Clare, F., McGill, T.W. and Sonenshine, D.E., 1981. Passage of host serum components, including antibody, across the digestive tract of Dermacentor variabilis (Say): J. Parasitol. 67: 737–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, K.P., 1960. Notes on the rearing of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and their infection with Theileria parva for experimental transmission. Bull. Epiz. Dis. Afr. 8: 33–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balashov, Y.S., 1972. Blood sucking ticks (Ixodidea)—vectors of diseases of man and animals. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 8: 161–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Yakir, D. and Barker, R.W., 1987. The development of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) fed on rabbits immunised with tick hemolymph. Parasitol. Res. 73: 284–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Yakir, D. (1989). Quantitative studies of host immunoglobulin G in the haemolymph of ticks. J. Med. Entomol. 26: 243–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Yakir, D., Carl Fox, J., Homer, J.T. and Barker, R.W., 1986. Quantitative studies of host immunoglobulin G passage into the hemocoel of the ticks Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis. In “Morphology, physiology and Behavioural biology of ticks, Sauer, J.R. and Hair, J.A. (Eds) (Ellis Horwood: Chichester) pp. 329–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, G.F., 1969. Boophilus microplus (Acarina: Ixodidae): Experimental infestations on cattle restrained from grooming. Exp. Parasitol. 26: 323–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berdyer, A. and Khudainazarova, S.N., 1976. A study of acquired resistance to adults of Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum in experiment on lambs. Parasitologiya 10: 619–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binnington, K.C. and Obenchain, F.D., 1982. Structure and Function of the circulatory, Nervous and Neuroendocrine systems of ticks, In: Physiology of ticks, Obenchain, F.D. and Galun, R. (Eds), Pergamon press, Oxford, UK pp. 351–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bio-Rad Protein Assay: Division of Bio-Rad Laboratories (1985). Chemical Research and Separations. Chemical Divisions, 32nd. a nd Griffin Avenue, Richmond, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bram, R.A., 1975. Tick-borne livestock diseases and their vectors I, The global problem. Wld A. Rev. 16: 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brossard, M. and Rais, O., 1984. Passage of hemolysins through the midgut epithelium of female Ixodes ricinus fed on rabbits infested or reinfested with ticks. Experimentia 40: 561–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, V.P. Jr, Watson, J.F., Schimdt, D.H., Gardner, J.D., Mandel, W.J. and Skelton, L.C., 1973. Reversal of the pharmacological and toxic effects of cardiac glycosides by specific antibodies. Pharmacol. Rev. 25: 239–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiera, J.W., Newson, R.M. and Cunningham, M.P., 1985b. Cumulative effects of host resistance on Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) in the laboratory. Parasitol., 90: 401–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiera, J.W., Newson, R.M., Cunningham, M.P., 1985a. The effect of size on feeding and breeding performance of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann. Insect Sci. Appl. 6(4): 555–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, P.A., Aeschlimann, A. and Obenchain, F.D., 1982. Tick reproduction: Oogenesis and Oviposition, In: Physiology of ticks, Obenchain, F.D. and Galun, R. (Eds), Pergamon press, Oxford, UK pp. 277–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dipeolu, O.O., 1991. Control of livestock ticks in Africa: Concepts and Hopes. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Tropical Entomology Congress, Nairobi, July 1989. Chaudry, A. (ed). ICIPE press, Nairobi (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolp, R.M. and Hamdy, B.H., 1971. Biochemical and physiological studies of certain ticks (Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol., 8: 636–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Essuman, Suliman., Dipeolu, Olusegun O. and Odhiambo, Thomas R., 1991. Immunisation of cattle with a semi-purified fraction of solubilized membrane-bound antigens extracted from the midgut of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Exp. Appl. Acarol., 13: 65–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., Thomson, K.J., Hough, H.B., Sommer, H.E. and Pisani, T.M., 1948. Antibody formation and sensitisation with the aid of adjuvants. J. Immunol. 60: 383–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galun, R., 1978. Control of livestock pests by interference in their development. Bogota, Colombia, UC/AID Pest Management and Relative Environmental Protection Progress Report.

  • Irvin, A.D. and Brocklesby, D.W. (1970). Rearing and maintaining Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in the laboratory, J. Inst. A. Techn., 21: 106–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kariuki, D.P., 1990. Current status of Theileriosis in Kenya-1989. In: Progress Towards the Control of East Coast Fever (Theileriosis) in Kenya. Young, A.S., Mutugi, J.J. and Maritim, A.C. (eds). KARI, Nairobi, pp. 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, W.R. and Phillips, J.E., 1973. Ion and water balance in the Ixodid tick Dermacentor andersoni. 1. Routes of ion and water excretion. J. Exp. Biol. 58: 523–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbogo, S.K., Osir, E.O. and Mongi, A.O., 1992. Host IgG in the haemolymph of the brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Insect Sci. App., 13(4): 481–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGowan, M.J., Homer, J.T., O'Dell, G.V., McNew, R.W. and Barker, R.W., 1980. Performance of ticks fed on rabbits inoculated with extracts derived from homogenised ticks Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Parasitol., 66: 42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mongi, A.O., 1982. Immunisation of rabbits with antigens from the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann, 1901). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nairobi.

  • Morrison, W.I., 1989. Immunological Control of Ticks and tick-borne parasitic diseases of livestock. Parasitol., 98: 469–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nogge, G. and Giannetti, M., 1980. Specific Antibodies: A potential insecticide. Science 209: 1028–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouchterlony, O., 1958. Diffusion-in-gel methods for immunological analysis. In: Progress in Allergy (Edited by Kallos, P.) Vol. 5, pp. 1–78. Karger, Bassel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purnell, R.E., Brown, C.G.D., Cunningham, M.P., Burridge, M.J., Kirimi, I.M. and Ledger, M.A., 1973. East Coast fever: Correlation between morphology and infectivity of Theileria parva developing in its tick vector. Parasitol. 66: 539–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J.A., 1968. Acquisition by the host of resistance to the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). J. Parasitol., 54: 657–662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlein, Y. and Lewis, C.T., 1976. Lesions in haematophagous flies after feeding on rabbits immunised with fly tissues. Physiological Entomology, 1: 55–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowball, G.J., 1956. The effect of self-licking by cattle on infestations of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). Aust. J. Agric. Res., 7: 227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steelman, C.D., 1976. Effects of external and internal arthropod parasites on domestic livestock production. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 21: 155–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatchell, R.J., 1971. Electrophoretic studies on the proteins of the haemolymph, saliva and eggs of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Insect Biochem. 1: 47–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tracey-Patte, P.D., Kemp, D.H. and Johnston, L.A.Y., 1987. Boophilus microplus: Passage of bovine immunoglobulins and albumin across the gut of cattle ticks feeding on normal or vaccinated cattle. Res. Vet. Sci., 43: 287–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikel, S.K., 1981. The induction of host resistance to tick infestation with a salivary gland antigen. Am. J. Med. Hyg., 30: 284–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikel, S.K., 1988. Immunological Control of Haematophagous Arthropod Vectors: Utilisation of Novel Antigens. Vet. Parasitol., 29: 235–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikel, S.K. and Whelen, A.R., 1986. Ixodid host immune interaction. Identification and characterisation of relevant antigens and tick-induced host immunosuppression. Vet. Parasitol, 20: 149–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willadsen, P., 1980. Immunity to ticks. Adv. in Parasitol., 28: 293–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willadsen, P., 1988. Immunological approaches to the control of ticks. Int. J. Parasitol., 18: 671–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willadsen, P., Riding, G.A., McKenna, R.V., Kempt, D.H., Tellam, R.L., Nielsen, J.N., Lahnstein, J., Cobon, G.S. and Gough, J.M., 1989. Immunological control of a parasitic arthropod. Identification of a Protective Antigen from Boophilus microplus J. Immunol. 143(3): 1346–1351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiston, P.W. and Bates, D.H., 1960. Saturated solutions for the control of humidity in biological research. Ecology, 41: 232–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, J.Y.M. and Opdebeeck, J.P., 1990. Larval membrane antigens protect Hereford cattle against infestation with Boophilus microplus. Parasite Immunol., 12: 75–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, A.S., Purnell, R.E., Kimber, C.D. and Payne, R.C., 1975. Correlation between the morphology and infectivity of Theileria lawrencei in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Parasitol. 71: 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Veterinary Research Centre, PO Box 32, Kikuyu, Kenya

    Samuel Kamau Mbogo

Authors
  1. Samuel Kamau Mbogo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mbogo, S.K. Immunisation of rabbits against the brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus using tick haemolymph. Exp Appl Acarol 18, 281–291 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00132317

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00132317

Keywords

Search

Navigation