Abstract
Analysis of the results from 94 male and 94 female young normal trichromats on the 100 hue test and the Nagel and Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscopes shows that colour deviant and/or colour weak subjects can be distinguished from the wholly normal bulk by considering the normality of certain test result distributions as well as by considering the combinations between test results considered abnormal. The stated minor abnormalities of colour vision are frequent and their types are those described by Pickford and by Lakowski (never' colour asthenopia). They are recognised by means of the anomaloscopes and not by means of the 100 hue test.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alpern M. & J. Moeller. The red and green cone visual pigments of deuteranomalous trichromacy. J. Physiol.266: 647–675 (1977).
Alpern M. & E.N. Pugh Jr. Variation in the action spectrum of erythrolabe among deuteranopes. J. Physiol.266: 613–646 (1977).
Alpern M. & T. Wake. Cone pigment in human colour vision defects. J. Physiol.266: 595–612 (1977).
Belcher S., K. Greenshield & W.D. Wright. Colour vision survey using the Ishihara, Dvorine, Boström and Kugelberg, Boström and American-Optical Hardy-Rand-Rittler tests. Brit. J. Ophthal.42: 353–359 (1958).
Cobb S.R. The luminosity curve for class I and class II colour normals. Vision Res.14: 529–533 (1974).
Engelbrecht K. Grenzen und Grenzfälle der Farbenempfindung. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.110: 630–637 (1944).
Engelking E. Farbenschwäche und künstliche zeitweilige Farbenblindheit. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.90: 9–21 (1933).
Grützner P. Ueber Farbenanomalie, Farbenamblyopie und Farbenasthenopie. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.158: 89–96 (1971).
Hartung H. Untersuchungen über Farbenasthenopie. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.94: 21–32 (1935).
Heinsius E. Ueber eine neue Farblaterne zur Untersuchung von Farbenfehlsichtigkeit. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.120: 86–89 (1952).
Heinsius E. Ueber die verschiedenen Formen der Trichromasie, sowie über die Grenze zwischen Farbentüchtigkeit und Farbenuntüchtigkeit. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.135: 95–107 (1959).
Heinsius E. Ueber die Feststellung herabgesetzter Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit bei der Prüfung des Farbensinns. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.139: 653–661 (1961).
Heinsius E. Die Abgrenzung der Farbentüchtigen und Farbenuntüchtigen bei der Untersuchung durch den Augenarzt. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.162: 75–80 (1973).
Heinsius E. & G. Grevsmuhl. Untersuchungen über die Feststellung der einzelnen Formen von Farbenfehlsichtigkeit mit Hilfe des Farbfleckverfahrens nach Trendelenburg. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.118: 269–282 (1951).
Iinuma I. & Y. Handa. Mass examination of color sense using the anomaloscope. Acta Soc. ophthal. jap.76: 548–551 (1972).
Kinnear P.R. Proposals for scoring and assessing the 100 hue test. Vision Res.10: 423–433 (1970).
Kugelberg I. On the effectiveness of Tabulae pseudoisochromaticae B.K., Acta ophthal. (Kbh.)26: 428–437 (1948).
Lakowski R. Testing of colour vision in prospective printers apprentices and the problems this presents in selection. Brit. J. physiol. Opt.22: 10–32 (1965).
Lakowski R. Small colour vision variations and their effects on visual colorimetry. Visual Lab. Report, Univ. of Edinburgh 36: 1–22 (1967).
Lakowski R. Psychological variables in colour vision testing. Tagungsber. int. Farbtag. Color 69, 67–86. Publ. Muster Schmidt, Göttingen (1970).
Lakowski R. Calibration, validation and population norms for the Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscope. Brit. J. physiol. Opt.26: 166–182 (1971).
Pickford R.W. Individual differences in colour vision. Publ. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (1951).
Pickford R.W. Weak and anomalous colour vision in industry and the need for adequate tests. Occup. Psychol.29: 182–192 (1955).
Pickford R.W. A practical anomaloscope for testing colour vision and colour blindness. Brit. J. physiol. Opt.14: 2–26 (1957).
Pickford R.W. A review of some problems of colour vision and colour blindness. Adv. Science25: 104–117 (1958).
Pickford R.W. Colour blindness: anomaloscope tests and psychological problems. Int. J. Neurol.6: 210–221 (1967).
Pickford R.W. Pers. comm. (1979).
Pickford R.W. & R. Lakowski. The Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscope for testing and measuring colour sensitivity and colour blindness and other tests and experiments. Brit. J. physiol. Opt.17: 131–150 (1961).
Pokorny J., V.C. Smith, G. Verriest & A.I.L.G. Pinckers. Congenital and acquired color vision defects, Current Ophthalmology Monographs, publ. Grune & Stratton, New York (1979).
Richards W. Differences between color-normals: Classes I and II. J. opt. Soc. Amer.57: 1047–1055 (1967).
Rosmanit J. Anleitung zur Feststellung der Farbentüchtigkeit. Publ. Deuticke, Leipzig/Wien (1914).
Rubin M.L. Spectral hue loci of normal and anomalous trichnomats. Amer. J. Ophthal.52: 166–172 (1961).
Schmidt I. Ueber ‘Ermüdbarkeit’ des Farbensystems bei normalen Trichromaten. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.94: 433–442 (1935).
Schmidt I. Some problems related to testing color vision with the Nagel anomaloscope. J. opt. Soc. Amer.45: 514–520 (1955).
Smith V.C., J. Pokorny & S.J. Starr. Variability of color mixture data. I. Interobserver variability in the unit coordinates. II. The effect of viewing field size on the unit coordinates. Vision Res.16: 1087–1094, 1095–1098 (1976).
Stams A. Widersprechende Ergebnisse bei der Farbsinnprüfung unter Anwendung gebräuchlicher Methoden. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.147: 261–264 (1965).
Takeda T. Clinical study on colour vision tests. III. Study on ‘colour fatigue’. Tohoku Med. J.60: 36–43 (1959).
Trendelenburg W. Ueber der für das Anomaloskop geeigneste Lichtqualität sowie über die Frage der Uebergangsfälle zwischen Norm und Protanomalie. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk.102: 769–788 (1939).
Trendelenburg W. Der Gesichtssinn, 1. Aufl. Publ. Springer, Berlin (1943).
Verriest G. Contribution à l'étude de la corrélation entre le quotient d'anomalie et l'étendue des confusions colorimétriques dans les systèmes trichromatique anormaux congénitaux. Rev. Opt.39: 467–471 (1960).
Verriest G. Etude comparative des efficiences de quelques tests pour la reconnaissance des anomalies de la vision des couleurs. Arch. Mal. Profess., Méd. Trav. et Séc. Soc.29: 293–314 (1968).
Verriest G. Chromaticity discrimination in protan and deutan heterozygotes. Farbe21: 7–16 (1972).
Verriest G., M.-F. Gandibleux & P. Piérart. Colour vision tests in children. III. Results of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test and the Burnham-Clark Color Memory Test in colour normal children from 6 to 13 years of age. Atti Fond. G. Ronchi36: 20–25 (1981).
Verriest G. & G. Hermans. Les aptitudes visuelles professionnelles. Bull. Soc. belge Ophtal.169: 1–552 (1975).
Verriest G. & M.P. Popescu. ‘Umstimmung’ of normal subjects at the Nagel anomaloscope. Mod. Probl. Ophthal.13: 26–30 (1974).
Verriest G., R. Vandevijvere & R. Vanderdonck. Nouvelles recherches se rapportant à l'influence du sexe et de l'âge sur la discrimination chromatique ainsi qu'à la signification pratique des résultats du test 100 hue de Farnsworth-Munsell. Rev. Opt. (Paris)41: 499–509 (1962).
Vierling, 1935.
Waaler G.H.M. The heredity of normal and defective color vision. Avhandl. utg. av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, Ny Serie, n∘ 9, Oslo (1967).
Waaler G.H.M. Studies in colour vision. Avhandl. utg. av Det Norske Videnkaps - Akad. i Oslo, Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, Ny Serie, n∘12, Oslo (1969).
Waaler G.H.M. Further investigations on different hereditary colour vision properties. Avhandl. utg. av Det Norske Videnkaps - Akad. i Oslo, Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, Ny Serie, n∘14, Oslo (1973).
Waaler G.H.M. Genetics and physiology of colour vision, A review. Oslo City Hosp.27: 1–22 (1977).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Verriest, G., Haurez, F. & Piérart, P. Statistical demonstration of minor colour vision abnormalities. Int Ophthalmol 5, 43–54 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129994
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129994