Abstract
The rural villages of Botswana have a disproportionate number of children and aged resulting from out-migration of able-bodied adults for wage employment. The social position of the rural based aged people, as perceived by urbanites and villagers, was determined through ethnographic interviews and participant observation. The traditional elder contributory roles of childcare and agriculture for women and political and pastoral involvement by men have been modified, still allowing the active old to participate in community life as elders. Social old age occurs when dependency created by physical limitations outweighs contributions possible with body mobility. Minimal economic support provided by adult children to aged parents has been substituted for the fuller traditional expression of filial piety. Grandchildren provide physical care. Low incomes, inexperience with the large numbers of aged and consequent lack of behavioral norms place social emphasis on the economic dependency of old people rather than on the social and service needs as perceived by the socially old individuals, themselves.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arntzen, J. 1984a Changes in Rural Activities and Utilization of Natural Resources in the Period 1979–1983: The Case of Malolwane, Kgatleng District. Gaborone: National Institute for Development Research and Documentation.
Arntzen, J. 1984b Rural Agricultural Activities and Resource Utilization in Mmathubudkwane during a Period of Drought. Gaborone: National Institute for Development Research and Documentation.
Botswana Ministry of Health 1984 Health Statistics Report. Gaborone: Government Printer.
Botswana Ministry of Local Government and Lands 1980 National Policy on Destitutes. Gaborone: Government Printer.
Cowgill, D.O. 1979 Aging and Modernization: A Revision of the Theory. In Dimensions of Aging. J. Hendricks and C.D. Hendricks, eds. Pp. 54–67. Cambridge MA: Winthrop Publishers, Inc.
Glascock, A.P. and S.L. Feinman 1981 Social Asset or Social Burden: Treatment of the Aged in Non-Industrial Societies. In Dimensions: Aging, Culture and Health. C.L.Fry, ed. Pp. 13–31. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey.
Goodenough, D.M. 1963 Cooperation and Change. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Hartland-Thunberg, P. 1978 Botswana: An African Growth Economy. Boulder CO; Westview Press.
Hay, R.W., S. Burke, and D.Y. Dako 1986 A Socio-Economic Assessment of Drought Relief in Botswana 1985. Gaborone: Government of Botswana.
LeVine, R.A. 1965 Intergenerational Tensions and Extended Family Structure in Africa. In Social Structure and the Family: Generational Relations. E. Shanas and G.F. Streib, eds. Pp. 188–204. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
Osmand, S. 1983 An Investigation into the Conditions under Which the Aged Live in Southern Botswana. Unpublished Baccalaureate Thesis Gaborone: University of Botswana.
Parson, J. 1984 Botswana: Liberal Democracy and the Labor Reserve in Southern Africa. Boulder CO: Westview Press.
Schapera, I. 1953 The Tswana. London: International African Institute.
Schapera, I. 1955 A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom. London: Oxford University Press.
Staugard, F. 1985 Traditional Healers. Gaborone: Ipelegeng Publishers.
Suggs, D.N. 1987 Female Status and Role Transition in the Tswana Life Cycle. Ethnology 26:107–120.
Thema, B.C. 1972 The Changing Pattern of Tswana Social and Family Relations. Botswana Notes and Records 4:39–42.
Tlou, S.D. 1986 Gender Issues in the Health Status of the Elderly of Botswana. In Gender Dimensions of Development Research. Kann, U., G. Mookodi, and J. Snyder, eds. Pp. 25–29. Gaborone: National Institute for Development Research and Documentation.
United Nations 1985 Ageing in the Third World. New York: United Nations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guillette, E.A. Socio-economic change and cultural continuity in the lives of the older Tswana. J Cross-Cultural Gerontol 5, 191–204 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00116998
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00116998