Skip to main content
Log in

Pricing mortgages: An interpretation of the models and results

  • Published:
Journal of Financial Services Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mortgages, like all debt securities, can be viewed as risk-free assets plus or minus contingent claims that can be usefully viewed as options. The most important options are: prepayment, which is a call option giving the borrower the right to buy back the mortgage at par; and default, which is a put option giving the borrower the right to sell the house in exchange for the mortgage. This article reviews and interprets the large and growing body of literature that applies recent results of option pricing models to mortgages. We also provide a critique of the models and suggest directions for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asay, M.R.Rational Mortgage Pricing, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Southern California, 1978, and Research paper #30, Fed. Res. Board, 1979.

  • Asay, M.R. “Pricing and Analysis of Common ARM Products.”Mortgage Banking (December 1984).

  • Askin, D.J., Hoffman, W.L., and Meyer, S.D. “The Drexel-Burnham Mortgage Pricing Model: The Complete Evaluation of the Option Component of Mortgage Securities.” Drexel, Burnham, Lambert, January 1987.

  • Bartter, B., and Rendlemen, R., Jr. “Fee Based Pricing of Fixed Rate Bank Loan Commitments.”Financial Management (Spring, 1979), 13–20.

  • Black F., and Scholes M. “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities.”Journal of Political Economics 81 (1973), 637–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan M., and Schwartz E. “Savings Bonds, Retractable Bonds and Callable Bonds.”Journal of Financial Economics 5 (1) (1977), 67–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan M., “Determinants of GNMA Mortgage Prices.”Journal of AREUEA 13 (1) (1985), 209–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, S., and Quick, P. “CMO's and Secondary Mortgage Markets.” Unpublished, 1983.

  • Brown S., and Dybvig P. “The Empirical Implications of the Cox, Ingersoll, Ross Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates.”Journal of Finance 41 (3) (1986), 617–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buser, S.A., and Hendershott, P.H. “Pricing Default-Free Fixed-Rate Mortgages.”Housing Finance Review 3 (1984).

  • Buser S., Hendershott P., and Sanders A. “Pricing Life of Loan Caps on Default-Free Adjustable-Rate Mortgages.”Journal of AREUEA 13 (3) (1985), 248–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buser, S., “On the Determinants of the Value of Call Options on Default Free Bonds,” The Ohio State University, October 1987.

  • Campbell, T., and Dietrich, J. “The Determinants of Default on Insured Conventional Residential Mortgage Loans.”Journal of Finance (December 1983), 1569–1581.

  • Cassidy, H. “Monte Carlo Simulation Estimates of the Expected Value of the Due on Sale Clause in Home Mortgages.”Housing Finance Review (January 1983).

  • Cox J., Ingersoll J., and Ross S. “A Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates.”Econometrica 53 (1985a) 302–407. (The basics of this analysis was contained in a 1976 working paper.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox J., “An Intertemporal, General Equilibrium Model of Asset Prices.”Econometrica 53 (1985b), 363–384. (The basics of this analysis was contained in a 1976 working paper.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, J., Ross, S. and Rubinstein, M. “Option Pricing: A Simplified Approach.”Journal of Financial Economics (September 1979).

  • Cunningham D., and Hendershott P.H. “Pricing FHA Mortgage Default Insurance.”Housing Finance Review 3 (4) (1984), 373–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale-Johnson, D., and Langetieg, T. “The Pricing of Collateralized Mortgage Obligations.” Unpublished, 1986.

  • Dietrich, J., Langetieg, T., Dale-Johnson, D., and Campbell, T. “The Economic Effects of Due on Sale Validation.”Housing Finance Review (January 1983), 19–32.

  • Dothan L., “On the Term Structure of Interest Rates.”Journal of Financial Economics 6 (1) (1978), 59–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn K., and McConnell J., “Valuation of GNMA Mortgage-Backed Securities.”Journal of Finance 36 (1981), 599–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn K., and Singleton K. “An Empirical Analysis of The Pricing of Mortgage-Backed Securities.”Journal of Finance 38 (2) (1983), 613–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, K., and Spatt, C. “The Effect of Refinancing Costs and Market Imperfections on the Optimal Call Strategy and the Pricing of Debt Contracts.” March 1986.

  • Epperson J., Kau J. Kennan D., and Muller W.III, “Pricing Default Risk in Mortgages.”Journal of AREUEA 13 (3) (1985), 261–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabozzi, ed..The Handbook of Mortgage Backed Securities. Chicago: Probus, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabozzi, ed.Mortgage-Backed Securities. Chicago: Probus, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster C., and Van Order R. “An Option-Based Model of Mortgage Default.”Housing Finance Review 3 (4) (1984), 351–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster C. “FHA Terminations: A Prelude to Rational Mortgage Pricing.”Journal of AREUEA 13 (3) (1985), 273–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findley M.C., and Capozza D.R. “The Variable Rate Mortgage: An Option Theory Perspective.”Journal of Money Credit and Banking IX (2) (1977), 356–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green J., and Shoven J.B. “The Effects of Interest Rates on Mortgage Prepayments.”Journal of Money, Credit and Banking XVIII (1) (1986), 41–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall A. “Valuing Mortgage Borrowers Prepayment Option.”Journal of AREUEA 13 (3), (1985), 229–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendershott, P.H. “Mortgage Pricing: What Have We Learned So Far?”Journal of AREUEA (Winter 1986), 497–509.

  • Hendershott, P.H., and Hu, S. “Accelerating Inflation and Nonassumable Fixed-Rate Mortgages: Effects on Consumer Choice and Welfare.”Public Finance Quarterly (April 1982), 242–272.

  • Hendershott, P.H., Shilling, J., and Villani, K. “Measurement of Spreads Between Yields on Various Mortgage Contracts and Treasury Securities.”Journal of AREUEA (Winter 1984), 476–490.

  • Hendershott P.H. “Determinations of Home Mortgage Rates: Empirical Results for the 1975–81 Period.” Presented at the AFA/AREUEA meetings December 1982. This study is reproduced in K. Villani, “Pricing Mortgage Credit.” In: Aspinwall and Eisenbas, eds.,Handbook for Banking Strategy, New York: Wiley, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendershott, P.H., and Villani, K.E. “The Terminations Premium in Mortgage Coupon Rates: Evidence on the Interpretation of Mortgage and Bond Markets.” NBER W.P 738, April 1981.

  • Jacob, D.P., and Toevs, A.L. “An Analysis of the New Valuation, Duration and Convexity Models for Mortgage-Backed Securities.” Morgan Stanley, January 1987.

  • Kau, J., Kennan, D., Muller, W. III, and Epperson, J. “Rational Pricing of Adjustable-Rate Mortgages.”Journal of AREUEA (1985).

  • Kau, J., “Option Theory and Fixed-Rate Mortgages” Unpublished, University of Georgia, 1986a.

  • Kau, J., “The Valuation and Analysis of Adjustable Rate Mortgages” Unpublished, University of Georgia, 1986b.

  • Lea, M. “Rational ARM Pricing and Design.” In:Solving the Mortgage Market Problem, Proceeding of the 10th Annual Conference of the FHLB of San Francisco, 1985.

  • Malliaris, A., and Brock, W.Stochastic Methods in Economics and Finance. North Holland, 1981.

  • Masulis R. “Government Intervention in the Mortgage Market: A Study of Anti-Redlining Regulations.”Journal of Monetary Economics 10 (2) (1982) 191–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton R. “The Theory of Rational Option Pricing.”Bell Journal of Economics 4 (1973), 141–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, G. “A Note on the Methods Underlying Bond and MBS Arbitrage Pricing Models.” University of Virginia, 1987.

  • Richard S.B. “An Arbitrage Model of the Term Structure of Interest Rates.”Journal of Financial Economics 6 (1) (1978), 33–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roll R. “Collateralized Mortgage Obligations; Characteristics, History, Analysis.” In: Fabozzi, ed.,Mortgage-Backed Securities. 1987a. Chicago: Probus, pp. 7–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roll, R. “Stripped Mortgage Backed Securities.” Goldman, Sachs & Co., Mortgage Securities Research, October 1986.

  • Roll, R. “Recent Innovations in Collateralized Mortgage Obligations.” Goldman, Sachs & Co., Mortgage Securities Research, January, 1987b.

  • Rosenberg, Susan B. “A Continuous Time Model of Mortgages Under Interest Rate and Home Price Uncertainty.” Unpublished Dissertation, Columbia University, 1986.

  • Swan, C. “Pricing Private Mortgage Insurance.”Journal of AREUEA (1982), 276–296.

  • Titman, S., and Torous, W. “Valuing Commercial Mortgages: An Empirical Investigation of the Contingent Claim Approach to Pricing Risky Debt.” Unpublished, 1986.

  • Van Order, R. “User Fees and Mortgage Markets.”Housing Finance Review (forthcoming, 1987).

  • Vasicek O. “An Arbitrage Characterization of the Treasury Yield Structure.”Journal of Financial Economics 5 (13) (1977), 177–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldman, M., and Gordon, M. “Evaluationg the Option Feature of Mortgage Securities: The Salomon Brothers Mortgage Pricing Model.” Salomon Brothers, September 1986.

Download references

Authors

Additional information

The Ohio State University and the National Bureau of Economic Research

The Urban Institute University of California at Los Angeles

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hendershott, P.H., Van Order, R. Pricing mortgages: An interpretation of the models and results. J Finan Serv Res 1, 19–55 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00114081

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00114081

Keywords

Navigation