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Pre-selection of compact mutants induced by X-ray treatment in apple and pear

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Summary

Mutation breeding of apple and pear started in 1965 using dormant scions which, after irradiation (X-rays), were grafted on rootstocks. The most efficient dose for apple was around 3 krad, for pear between 4.5 and 7 krad. Primarily shoots exhibiting compact traits were selected, defining such shoots as being thicker than normal for their length or shorter than normal for their diameter while having shorter internodes than normal shoots. The selection was carried out on one-season-old shoots of the same trees during three successive seasons, this involved a cut back at the end of the first and second season. The selected compact shoots yielded with apple on average four times more clones with a distinct compact habit than normal appearing shoots; four out of every five clones were found to be stable in both apple and pear. Averaging the results for apple, 7% of the surviving trees produced shoots the clones of which showed compact growth, this was only 0.5% for pear. In all several dozens of such clones were obtained of the apple varieties Golden Delicious, Cox's Orange Pippin, Belle de Boskoop and Tydeman's Early and a few distinct compact and some dwarf clones of Beurré Hardy and Doyenné du Comice.

Samenvatting

Mutatieveredeling bij appel en peer begon in 1965 met enthout dat, na bestraling, op onderstam werd geënt. De doelmatigste dosering lag bij appel om en nabij 3 krad, bij peer tussen 3, 5 en 7 krad, afhankelijk van het ras. De nadruk viel op de selectie van ‘spur’-scheuten cum scheuten met een gedrongen habitus. Zulke scheuten werden gedefiniëerd als scheuten die, afgaande op hun lengte, dikker zijn of, afgaande op hun diameter, korter zijn dan normaal terwijl in beide gevallen de internodiën korter zijn dan bij vergelijkbare normale scheuten.

De selectie werd uitgevoerd op éénjarige scheuten van dezelfde geënte bomen gedurende drie achtereenvolgende seizoenen; dit hield in dat na het eerste en het tweede groeiseizoen werd teruggesnoeid. De geselecteerde appelscheuten gaven, na enting, viermaal meer klonen met een uitgesproken gedrongen habitus dan willekeurige normaaluitziende scheuten uit bestraald materiaal. Zowel bij appel als bij peer bleken vier van de vijf klonen ‘stabiel’ te zijn. Bij appel produceerden gemiddeld 7% van de overlevende bomen klonen met een gedrongen groei, bij peer was dit slechts 0.5%.

In totaal werden enige dozijnen klonen met gedrongen of zwakkere groei verkregen bij de appelrassen Golden Delicious, Cox's Orange Pippin, Belle de Boskoop en Tydeman's Early en slechts enkele bij de pererassen Beurré Hardy en Doyenné du Comice.

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Subcontract Institute for Atomic Sciences in Agriculture (ITAL), Wageningen, the Netherlands.

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Visser, T., Verhaegh, J.J. & De Vries, D.P. Pre-selection of compact mutants induced by X-ray treatment in apple and pear. Euphytica 20, 195–207 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00056079

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