References
American Public Health Association. 1975. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 13th Ed. APHA, Washington. 874 p.
Baker, F.S. 1949. A revised tolerance table. J. For. 47: 179–181.
Bares, R.H. 1976. Nutrient relations in some forest communities in Northern Minnesota. Master's Thesis, Univ. of N.D., Grand Forks, 93 p.
Bay, R.R. 1969. Runoff from small peatland watersheds. J. Hydrol. 9: 90–102.
Black, C.A. (ed.). 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Am. Soc. Agron., Inc. Madison, Wisconsin.
Boelter, D.H. 1965. Hydraulic conductivities of peat. Soil Sci. 100: 227–231.
Boelter, D.H. 1972. Water table drawdown around an open ditch in organic soils. J. Hydrol. 15: 329–340.
Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant sociology (Transl. G.D. Fuller and H.S. Conard). McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y., 439 p.
Braun-Blanquet, J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie: Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3te Aufl. Springer-Verlag, Wien. 865 p.
Bray, J.R. & E. Gorham. 1964. Litter production in the forests of the world. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2: 101–157.
Brown, J.M. 1972. The effect of overstory removal on production of shrubs and sedge in a northern Minnesota bog. J. Minn. Acad. Sci. 38: 96–97.
Chapman, H.D. & P.F. Pratt. 1961. Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Water. Div. of Agr. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley. 309 p.
Conway, V.M. 1949. The bogs of central Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 19: 173–206.
Crum, H. 1974. Mosses of the Great Lakes Forest. Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor. 404 p.
Daminan, A.W.H. 1971. Effect of vegetation changes on the fertility of a Newfoundland forest site. Ecol. Monogr. 41: 253–269.
Damman, A.W.H. 1978. Distribution and movement of elements in ombrotrophic peat bogs. Oikos 30: 480–495.
Drury, W.H., Jr. 1956. Bog flats and physiographic process in the upper Kuskokwim River region, Alaska. Contrib. Gray Herbarium, Harvard Univ. 178, 130 p.
Duvigneaud, P. & S. Denaeyer-DeSmet. 1970. Biological cycling of minerals in temperate deciduous forests. In: Reichle, D.E. (ed.), Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 199–225.
Foster, N.W. & I.K. Morrison. 1976. Distribution and cycling of nutrients in a natural Pinus banksiana ecosystem. Ecology 57: 110–120.
Gevorkiantz, S.R. 1957a. Site index curves for black spruce in the Lake States. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., Lake States For. Exp. Sta. Tech. Note 473. 2 p.
Gevorkiantz, S.R. 1957b. Site index curves for tamarack in the Lake States. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., Lake States For. Exp. Sta. Tech. Note 498. 2 p.
Gleason, H.A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plants of North-eastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., N.Y. 810 p.
Gorham, E. 1953. Chemical studies on the soils and vegetation of waterlogged habitat in the English Lake District. J. Ecol. 41: 345–360.
Gorham, E. 1953. Chemical studies on the soils and vegetation of waterlogged habitat in the English Lake District. J. Ecol. 41: 345–360.
Gorham, E. 1956a. The ionic composition of some bog and fen waters in the English Lake District. J. Ecol. 44: 142–152.
Gorham, E. 1956b. On the chemical composition of some waters from the Moor House Nature Reserve. J. Ecol. 44: 375–382.
Gorham, E. 1957. The development of peatlands. Quart. Rev. Biol. 32: 145–166.
Gorham, E. 1967. Some chemical aspects of peatland ecology. 12th Annual Muskeg Res. Conf., Calgary, Canada. Tech. Mem. Nat. Res. Council of Canada, Assoc. Comm. on Geotech. Res., No. 90, pp. 20–38.
Gorham, E. 1976. Acid precipitation and its influence upon aquatic ecosystems: An overview. Proc. First Intern. Symp. Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE-23, 425–458.
Gorham, E. & W.H. Pearsall. 1956. Acidity, specific conductivity and calcium content of some bog and fen waters in northern Britain. J. Ecol. 44: 129–141.
Hatcher, J.T. & L.V. Wilcox. 1950. Colorimetric determination of boron using carmine. Anal. Chem. 22: 567–569.
Heinselman, M.L. 1963. Forest sites, bog processes and peatland types in the Glacial Lake Agassiz region Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 33: 327–374.
Heinselman, M.L. 1970. Landscape evolution, peatland types and the environment in the Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area, Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 40: 235–261.
Hustich, I. 1956. Forest-botanical notes from the Moose River Area, Ontario, Canada. Acta Geogr. 13: 3–50.
Jackson, M.L. 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall Inc., N.J. 498 p.
Janssen, C.R. 1967. A floristic study of the forests and bog vegetation of northwestern Minnesota. Ecology 48: 751–765.
Jeglum, J.K. 1974. Relative influence of moisture-aeration and nutrients on vegetation and black growth in northern Ontario. Can. J. For. Res. 4: 114–126.
Killingbeck, K.T. & M.K. Wali. 1978. Analysis of a North Dakota gallery forest: nutrient, trace element and productivity relations. Oikos 30: 29–60.
Kollman, A.L. & M.K. Wali. 1976. Intraseasonal variations in environmental and productivity relations of Potamogeton pectinatus communities. Arch. Hydrobiol., Monogr. Beitr., Suppl. 50: 439–472.
Krajina, V.J. 1969. Ecology of forest trees in British Columbia. Ecol. Western Nor. Amer. 2: 1–147.
Kurz, H. 1928. Influence of Sphagnum and other mosses on bog reaction. Ecology 9: 56–69.
Lowry, G.L. 1970. Variations in nutrients of black spruce needles. In: Youngberg, C.T. & C.B. Davey (eds.), Tree Growth and Forest Soils. 3rd North Amer. For. Soils Conf: Proc. 1968. pp. 235–259. Michigan State Univ. of Agriculture and Applied Sciences. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.
Lucas, R.E. & J.F. Davis. 1961. Relationships between pH values of organic soils and availabilities of 12 plant nutrients. Soil Sci. 92: 177–182.
Malmer, N. 1962. Studies on mire vegetation in the Archaean Area of south-western Götaland (South Sweden) II. Distribution and seasonal variation in elementary constituents on some mire sites. Opera Botanica 7(2): 1–67.
Malmer, N. 1963. Studies on mire vegetation in the Archaean Area of south-western Götaland (South Sweden). III. On the relation between specific conductivity and concentrations of ions in the mire water. Bot. Not. 116: 249–256.
Malmer, N. & H. Sjörs. 1955. Some determinations of elementary constituents in mire plants and peat. Bot. Not. 108: 46–80.
Ovington, J.D. 1965. Organic production, turnover, and mineral cycling in woodlands. Biol. Rev. 40: 295–336.
Owen, T.H. 1952. Observations on the monthly litterfall and nutrient content of sitka spruce litter. J. Forestry. 27: 7–15.
Peattie, D.C. 1950. A Natural History of Western Trees. Bonanza Books, N.Y. 751 p.
Pierce, R.S. 1953. Oxidation-reduction potential and specific conductance of ground water: their influence on natural forest regeneration. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 17: 61–65.
Porsild, A.E. 1959. Botanical excursion to Jasper and Banff National Parks, Alberta. Dept. of Northern Aff. and National Resources, Nat. Mus. Canada, 38 p.
Reid, J.R., R.J. Hall, R.H. Bares, D.L. Rubbelke, K.N. Good, P.E. Moen & L.J. Dobesh. 1974. Environmental impact assessments of the Roseau River, Minnesota flood control project. Inst. Ecol. Stud. Univ. of N.D., Grand Forks. Res. Rep. No. 6. 250 p.
Ritchie, J.C. 1957. The vegetation of northern Manitoba: II. A prisere on the Hudson Bay lowlands. Ecology 38: 429–435.
Ritchie, J.C. 1960. The vegetation of northern Manitoba. VI. The lower Hayes River region. Can. J. Bot. 38: 769–788.
Rodin, L.E. & N.I. Bazilevich. 1967. Production and Mineral Cycling in Terrestrial Vegetation. (English translation.) Oliver & Boyd, London. 288 p.
Salisbury, F.B. & C. Ross. 1969. Plant Physiology. Wadsworth Co., Inc., Belmont, Calif. 747 p.
Sjörs, H. 1950. On the relation between vegetation and electrolytes in north Swedish mire waters. Olkos 2: 251–258.
Sjörs, H. 1959. Bogs and fens in the Hudson Bay lowlands. Arctic 12: 2–19.
Sjörs, H. 1961. Surface patterns in boreal peatland. Endeavour 20: 217–224.
Small, E. 1972. Ecological significance of four critical elements in plants of raised sphagnum peat bogs. Ecology 53: 498–503.
Stallard, H. 1929. Secondary succession in the climax forest formations of northern Minnesota. Ecology 10: 476–547.
Tilton, D.L. 1975. The growth and nutrition of tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch). Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. of Minn., St. Paul. 208 p.
Tilton, D.L. 1977. Seasonal growth and foliar nutrients of Larix laricina in three wetland ecosystems. Can. J. Bot. 55: 1291–1298.
Tilton, D.L. 1978. Comparative growth and foliar concentrations of Larix laricina over a range of wetland types in Minnesota. J. Ecol. 66: 499–512.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Handb. 271, 762 p.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1934. Climatic summary of the United States, establishment of stations to 1930, inclusive. Section 44, Northern Minnesota. Environmental Data Service, Ashville, N.C. 26 p.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1975. Average temperature and total precipitation, 1941–1970, Roseau, Minnesota. Reproduced Printer's Copy. Environmental Data Service. Ashville, N.C.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1966. Topographic Map. Roseau NE Quadrangle.
van Groenewoud, H. 1975. Microrelief, water level fluctuation, and diameter growth in wet-site stands of red and black spruce in New Brunswick. Can. J. For. Res. 5: 359–366.
Verry, E.S. 1975. Streamflow chemistry and nutrient yields from upland-peatland watersheds in Minnesota. Ecology 56: 1149–1157.
Wali, M.K. & V.J. Krajina. 1973. Vegetation-environment relationships of some sub-boreal spruce zone ecosystems in British Columbia. Vegetatio 26: 237–381.
Watt, R.F. & M.L. Heinselman. 1965. Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus level related to site quality in a northern Minnesota spruce bog. Ecology 46: 357–360.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Nomenclature of vascular plants follows Gleason & Cronquist (1963) and that of mosses follows Crum (1974).
We are grateful to Dr. E. Gorham, Univ. of Minnesota for a stimulating review of the manuscript. We extend our thanks to Drs. A.W.H. Damman, Univ. of Connecticut, D.L. Tilton, Univ. of Michigan, and K.T. Killingbeck, Kansas State Univ. for helpful suggestions; to Mr. A.L. Kollman, Univ. of North Dakota, for help with chemical and statistical analyses; to Drs. W.T. Barker, North Dakota State Univ., and G.B. Ownbey, Univ. of Minnesota, for help with vascular plant identification; to Dr. F. Bowers, Univ. of Tennessee, for identification of mosses; and to two unknown reviewers of this journal for useful comments.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bares, R.H., Wali, M.K. Chemical relations and litter production of Picea mariana and Larix laricina stands on an alkaline peatland in Northern Minnesota. Vegetatio 40, 79–94 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055837
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055837