Stevioside biosynthesis by callus, root, shoot and rooted-shoot cultures in vitro

Abstract

Leaf explants of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Compositae), an herb which produces the sweet ent-kaurene glycoside stevioside, were cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium with vitamins, sucrose (30 g l⁻¹), agar (0.9% w/v) and supplemented with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 0.5 mg l⁻¹) and benzylaminopurine (BAP, 0.5 mg l⁻¹). These conditions yielded friable callus cultures. Differentiation of the callus tissue was then achieved by eliminating the agar and modulating the medium's hormone concentrations. Thus, medium containing increased auxin concentration (1.0 mg l⁻¹) and no cytokinin or increased cytokinin (1.0 mg l⁻¹) and no auxin yielded root or shoot cultures respectively. Supplementation of the shoot medium with NAA (1.0 mg ml⁻¹) induced shoot cultures to grow roots thereby differentiating into rooted-shoot cultures. Only the rooted-shoot cultures tasted sweet. Feedings of [2-¹⁴C]acetic acid to callus, shoot or rooted-shoot cultures demonstrated that only the rooted-shoot cultures are capable of de novo biosynthesis of the aglycone moiety of stevioside (steviol). In addition, [methyl-³H(N)steviol feedings to shoot or rooted-shoot cultures illustrated that both types of cultures are capable of the glycosylation reaction. The ability of these tissues to glycosylate steviol to stevioside was also demonstrated employing crude enzyme preparations derived from shoot or rooted-shoot cultures. These results suggest that stevioside biosynthesis is a function of tissue differentiation since both roots and leaves are required for cultured S. rebaudiana to biosynthesize stevioside from acetate, while the final biosynthetic steps can be performed at all levels of differentiation.