Abstract
A critical evaluation is given of material and methods to be used for the study of behavioral responses of fish towards polluted water. Experiments with Fathead minnows in a steep gradient of hypochlorite are described and discussed. Methods leading towards standarization of fish avoidance reactions are advocated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adelman, I. R. & Smith, L. L., Jr. 1976. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) as standard fish in bioassays and their reaction to potential reference toxicants. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 33: 209–214.
Bardach, J. E., Todd, J. H. & Crickmer, R. 1967. Orientation by taste in fish of the genus Ictalurus. Science 155: 1276–1278.
Barr, A. J., Goodnight, J. H., Sall, J. P. & Helwig, J. T. 1976. User's Guide to SAS 76. Sparks Press, Raleigh, N. C. 229 pp.
Bishai, H. M. 1962a. Reactions of larval and young salmonids to water of low oxygen concentration. J. du Conseil 27: 167–180.
Bishai, H. M. 1962b. Reactions of larval and young salmonids to different hydrogen ion concentrations. J. du Conseil 27: 181–191.
Cairns, J., Jr. 1969. Fish bioassays — reproducibility and rating. Revista de Biologia 7: 7–12.
Cairns, J., Jr. 1977. Aquatic ecosystem assimilative capacity. Fisheries 2: 5–7, 24.
Cherry, D. S., Cairns, J., Jr. & Dickson, K. L. 1975. Temperatures selected and avoided by fish at various acclimation temperatures. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 32: 485–491.
Cherry, D. S., Dickson, K. L. & Cairns, J., Jr. 1974. The use of a mobile laboratory to study temperature responses of fish. Proc. 29th Purdue Indust. Waste Conf., Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. 28 pp.
Cherry, D. S., Hoehn, R. C., Waldo, S. S., Willis, D. H., Cairns, J., Jr. & Dickson, K. L. 1977a. Field-laboratory determined avoidance of the spotfin shiner (Notropis spilopterus) and the bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) to chlorinated discharges. Water Resources Bull. 13: 1047–1055.
Cherry, D. S., Larrick, S. R., Dickson, K. L., Hoehn, R. C. & Cairns, J., Jr. 1977b. Significance of hypochlorous acid in free residual chlorine to the avoidance response of spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) and rosyface shiner (Notropis rubellus). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 34: 1365–1372.
Cherry, D. S., Larrick, S. R., Giattina, J. D., Dickson, K. L. & Cairns, J., Jr. In Press. The avoidance response of the common shiner to total and combined residual chlorine in thermally influenced discharges. In: Energy and Environmental Stress in Aquatic Systems, Symposium of the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, November 2–4, 1977. Augusta, Ga.
Collins, G. B. 1952. Factors influencing the orientation of migrating anadromous fishes. Fishery Bull. Fish & Wildlife Service, Vol. 52 No. 73.
Dandy, J. W. T. 1972. Activity response to chlorine in the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell). Can. J. Zool. 50: 405–410.
Fava, J. A. & Tsai, C. 1976. Immediate behavioral reactions of blacknose dace, Rhinichthys atratulus, to domestic sewage and its toxic constituents. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 105: 430–441.
Fry, F. E. J. 1947. Effects of the environment on animal activity. Toronto University Studies: Biological Series No. 55. 62 pp.
Hansen, D. J. 1969. Avoidance of pesticides by untrained sheep-shead minnows. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 98: 426–429.
Hansen, D. J. 1972. DDT and malathion: effect on salinity selection by mosquitofish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 101: 346–350.
Hasler, A. D. & Wisby, W. J. 1949. Use of fish for the olfactory assay of pollutants (phenols) in water. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 79: 64–70.
Hill, J. G. 1968. Oxygen preference in the spring cavefish, Chologaster Agassizi. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 97 (4): 448–454.
Hinde, R. A. 1970. Animal Behavior. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Hoglund, L. B. 1951. A new method of studying the reactions of fishes in stable gradients of chemical and other agents. Oikos 3 (2): 247–267.
Hoglund, L. B. 1961. The reactions of fish in concentration gradients. Sweden Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottingholm, Report No. 43.
Ishio, S. 1964. Behavior of fish exposed to toxic substances. In Advances in Water Pollution Research. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Water Poll.. Res., Tokyo, August 1964. Pergammon Press, London Vol. 1: 19–33.
Jones, B. F., Warren, C. E., Bond, C. E. & Doudoroff, P. 1956. Avoidance reactions of salmonid fishes to pulp mill effluents. Sewage & Industrial Wastes 28 (11): 1403–1413.
Jones, J. R. E. 1947. The reactions of fish to water of low oxygen concentrations. J. Exp. Biol. 24: 110–122.
Jones, J. R. E. 1948. A further study of the reactions of fish to toxic solutions. J. Exp. Biol. 25: 22–34.
Jones, J. R. E. 1951. The reactions of the minnow Phoxinus Phoxinus to solutions of phenol, ortho-cresol and para-cresol. yJ. Exp. Biol. 28: 261–270.
Jones, J. R. E. 1952. The reactions of fish to water of low oxygen concentrations. J. Exp. Biol. 29: 403–415.
Katz, M. & Gaufin, A. R. 1952. The effects of sewage pollution on the fish populations of a midwestern stream. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 82: 156–165.
Kleerekoper, H. 1967. Some aspects of olfaction in fishes, with special reference to orientation. Amer. Zool. 7: 385–395.
Kleerekoper, H., Timms, A. M., Westlake, G. F., Davy, F. B., Malar, T. & Anderson, V. M. 1970. An analysis of locomotor behavior of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Ani. Beh. 18: 317–330.
Kleerekoper, H., Waxman, J. B. & Matis, J. 1973. Interaction of temperature and copper ions as orienting stimuli in the locomotor behavior of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 30: 725–728.
Kynard, B. 1974. Avoidance behavior of insecticide susceptible and resistant populations of mosquitofish to four insecticides. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 103: 557–561.
Larrick, S. R., Cherry, D. S., Dickson, K. L. & Cairns, J., Jr. In press. The behavioral response of the golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) to various avoidance indices and components of total residual chlorine. Conference of Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Gatlinburg, Tennessee. 1992
Lennon, R. E. 1967. Selected strains of fish bioassay animals. Prog. Fish. Cult. 29: 129–132.
Lewis, F. G., III & Livingston, R. J. 1977. Avoidance of bleached Kraft pulpmill effluent by pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) and gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 34: 568–570.
Lindahl, P. E. & Marcstrom, A. 1958. On the preference of roaches (Leuciscus rutilus) for trinitrophenol, studied with the fluviarium technique. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 15: 685–694.
Maier, R. A. & Maier, B. M. 1970. Comparative Animal Behavior. Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, California.
Meldrim, J. W. & Gift, J. J. 1971. Temperature preference, avoidance, and shock experiments with estuarine fishes. Ichthyol. Assoc. Bull. 7. 75 pp.
Rehwoldt, R. & Bida, G. 1970. Fish avoidance reactions. Bull. Env. Contam. & Toxicol. 5: 205–206.
Scherer, E. 1975. Avoidance of fenitrothion by goldfish (Carassius auratus). Bull. Env. Contam. & Toxicol. 13: 492–496.
Scherer, E. 1977. Behavioral assays — principles, results and problems. Proc. 3rd Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Halifax, N. S., Nov. 2–3, 1976. Environmental Protection Service Technical Report No. EPS-5AR-77-1, Halifax Canada, pp. 33–40.
Scherer, E. & Novak, S. 1973. Apparatus for recording avoidance movements of fish. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 30: 1594–1596.
Shelford, V. E. & Allee, W. C. 1913. The reactions of fishes to gradients of dissolved atmospheric gases. J. Exp. Zool. 14: 207–266.
Shelford, V. E. & Allee, W. C. 1914. Rapid modification of the behavior of fishes by contact with modified water. J. Ani. Beh. 4: 1–30.
Sprague, J. B. 1964. Avoidance of copper-zinc solutions by young salmon in the laboratory. J. Water Poll. Contr. Fed. 36: 990–1004.
Sprague, J. B. 1970. Avoidance reactions of rainbow trout to zinc sulfate solutions. Water Res. 2: 367–372.
Sprague, J. B. 1970. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. II. Utilizing and applying bioassay results. Water Res. 4: 3–32.
Sprague, J. B. 1971. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. III. Sublethal effects and safe concentrations. Water Res. 5: 245–266.
Sprague, J. B. & Drury, D. E. 1969. Avoidance reactions of salmonid fish to representative pollutants. In Advances in Water Pollution Research. Proc. 4th Intern. Conf. Water Poll. Res. Pergamon Press, London, England.
Sprague, J. B., Elson, P. F. & Saunders, R. L. 1965. Sublethal copper-zinc pollution in a salmon river — a field and laboratory study. Int. J. Air Wat. Poll. 9: 531–543.
Stott, B. & Cross, D. G. 1973. The reactions of roach (Rutilus Rutilus L.) to changes in the concentration of dissolved oxygen and free carbon dioxide in a laboratory channel. Water Res. 7: 793–805.
Summerfelt, R. C. & Lewis, W. M. 1967. Repulsion of green sunfish by certain chemicals. J. Water Poll. Contr. Fed. 39: 2030–2038.
Tsai, Chu-Fa. 1968. Effects of chlorinated sewage effluents on fishes in Upper Patuxent River, Maryland. Ches. Sci. 9: 83–93.
Tsai, Chu-Fa. 1970. Changes in fish populations and migration in relation to increased sewage pollution in Little Patuxent River, Maryyland, Ches. Sci. 11: 34–41.
Wells, M. M. 1915. Reactions and resistance of fishes in their natural environment to acidity, alkalinity and neutrality. Biol. Bull. 29: 221–257.
Westlake, G. F. & Lubinski, K. S. 1976. A chamber to monitor the locomotor behavior of free swimming aquatic organisms exposed to simulated spill. Proc. Nat. Conf. on Control of Hazardous Materials Spill. New Orleans, La.
Whitmore, C. M., Warren, C. E. & Doudoroff, P. 1970. Avoidance reactions of salmonid and centrachid fishes to low oxygen concentrations. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 89: 17–26.
Wilcoxon, F. & Wilcox, R. A. 1964. Some rapid approximate statistical procedures. Lederle Laboratories. Pearl River, New York, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This research was supported by the American Electric Power Service Corporation, Canton, Ohio USA
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Larrick, S.R., Dickson, K.L., Cherry, D.S. et al. Determining fish avoidance of polluted water. Hydrobiologia 61, 257–265 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044451
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044451