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The effects of silt and sand on the invertebrate fauna of streams and rivers

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Summary

Most of the literature concerned with the effects of silt and sand on the invertebrate fauna of streams and rivers has described changes taking place when biotopes are completely smothered by silt and sand. In few of these studies were the kinds of animals found recorded. There have been few studies of the effect of silt and sand on individual species. The invertebrate fauna of two biotopes in the streams and rivers of the Vaal River system, South Africa, changed with the amount of silt and sand in the watercourses. Where there were large amounts of silt and sand the variety of animals recorded from the stones in current biotopes was reduced, but the density of the fauna as a who did not change (Tables I and II, Unstable Depositing Zones, summer). However the density of many groups of animals was affected (Table III). Some of the animals adversely affected by silt and sand appeared in larger numbers below impoundments in which silt and sand would settle. In the sediment biotopes the summer density of the fauna was lowest where there was a lot of silt and sand (Table IV, the two Unstable Depositing Zones). Large amounts of silt and sand were associated with large summer declines in the surface dwelling animals as a proportion of the whole sediment fauna (Table IV). Differences between the summer proportions of surface dwelling forms in fine and coarse sediments were due to faunal differences. Sediments were not studied below impoundments.

It is concluded that there may be considerable changes in the composition of the stones in current fauna due to silt and sand without the biotope being smothered, and that increases in the amount of silt and sand in river beds lead to increased instability of the sediments, which adversely affects their fauna.

Zusammenfassung

Die Abhandlungen, die sich mit dem Einfluβ von Schlamm und Sand auf die Invertebratenfauna von Bächen und Flüssen befassen, haben meistens die Veränderungen beschrieben, die sich ergeben, wenn Biotope ganz von Schlamm und Sand erstickt werden. In wenigen dieser Forschungen werden die Arten der gefundenen Tiere eingetragen. Es gibt wenige Arbeiten über den Einfluβ von Schlamm und Sand auf einzelne Arten.

Die Invertebraten-Fauna zweier Biotope in Bächen und Flüssen des Vaalsystems, Süd-Afrika, hat sich mit der Menge von Schlamm und Sand in den Flüssen geändert. Wo es groβe Mengen von Sand und Schlamm gab, ist die Verschiedenartigkeit der Tiere von Steinen in flüssigem Biotop vermindert worden, aber die Dichte der ganzen Fauna ist dieselbe (Tabellen I und II, “Unstable Depositing Zones, Summer”). Jedoch die Dichte vieler Tiergruppen ist beeinträchtigt worden (Tabelle III). Einige von Schlamm und Sand ungünstig beeinfluβte Tiere erscheinen in gröβerer Anzahl unter Einsperrungen, wo Schlamm und Sand sich niederschlagen können. In Niederschlagbiotopen ist die Sommerdichte der Fauna am niedrigsten, wo es viel Schlamm und Sand gibt (Tabelle IV, Die zwei “Unstable Depositing Zones”). Groβe Mengen von Schlamm und Sand gehen mit groβen Sommerabnahmen der oberflächlich lebenden Tiere im Verhältnis zu der ganzen Niederschlagfauna zusammen (Tabelle IV). Unterschiede zwischen den Verhältnissen oberflächlich lebender Formen in feinen und groben Niederschlägen im Sommer sind die Folge faunaler Unterschiede. Niederschläge unterhalb von Einsperrungen sind nicht untersucht worden.

Es wird geschlossen, daβ es beträchtliche Änderungen in der Zusammenstellung der Fauna der Steine in Flüssen wegen Schlammes und Sandes geben kann, ohne daβ der Biotop erstickt wird, und daβ Steigerungen der Menge von Schlamm und Sand in Fluβbetten zu vermehrter Instabilität der Sedimente führt, welche ungünstig auf die Fauna einwirkt.

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This work forms part of a dissertation submitted to Rhodes University Grahamstown, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

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Chutter, F.M. The effects of silt and sand on the invertebrate fauna of streams and rivers. Hydrobiologia 34, 57–76 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00040323

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