Abstract
A five-year zooplankton study (1982–86) on three shallow and highly eutrophic lakes in the Loosdrecht area (The Netherlands) did not reveal any significant changes following the considerable reduction in external P-loading (from about 1.0 g to 0.3 g P m−2 year−1) since mid-1984.
The recent annual fluctuations in the rotifer and crustacean densities are within the range of those found before the restoration measure became operative. A decrease in the average size of the crustaceans and an absence of large-bodied forms reflects an increased fish predation rather than a change in the quality or quantity of their sestonic food ( < 150 µm) which continues to be dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria and Prochlorothrix hollandica, a prochlorophyte discovered in these lakes recently.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bartell, S. M., 1981. Potential impact of size-selective planktivory on phosphorus release by zooplankton. Hydrobiologia 80: 139–145.
Beattie, D. M., H. L. Golterman & J. Vijverberg, 1978. An introduction to the limnology of the Friesian Lakes. Hydrobiologia 58: 49–64.
Bloem, J. & J. Vijverberg, 1984. Some observations on the diet and food selection of Daphnia hyalina (Cladocera) in a eutrophic lake. Hydrobiol. Bull. 18: 39–45.
Bottrell, H. H., A. Duncan, Z. M. Gliwicz, E. Grygierek, A. Herzig, A. Hillbricht-Ilkowska, H. Kurasawa, P. Larsson & T. Weglenska, 1976. A review of some problems in zooplankton production studies. Norw. J. Zool. 24: 419–456.
Brooks, J. L. & S. I. Dodson, 1965. Predation, body size and composition of plankton. Science 150: 28–35.
Burger-Wiersma, M. Veenhuis, H. J. Korthals, C. C. M. van Wiel & L. R. Mur, 1986. A new prokaryote containing chlorophyll a and b. Nature 320: 262–263.
Densen, W. L. T. van, C. Dijkers & R. Veerman, 1986. The fish community of the Loosdrecht Lakes and the perspectives for biomanipulation. Hydrobiol. Bull. 20: 147–163.
Dumont, H. J., 1977. Biotic factors in the population dynamics of rotifers. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 8: 98–122.
Duncan, A. & R. D. Gulati, 1981. Parakrama Samudra (Sri Lanka) Project, a study of a tropical lake ecosystem. III. Composition, density and distribution of the zooplankton in 1979. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 21: 1001–1008.
Ejsmont-Karabin, J., 1983. Ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus excretion by planktonic rotifers. Hydrobiologia 104: 231–236.
Geelen, J. F. M., 1955. The plankton of the lakes. Unpublished report no. 38. Amsterdam Municipal Waterworks (in Dutch).
Gliwicz, Z. M., 1969. Studies on the feeding of pelagic zooplankton in lakes with varying trophy. Ekol. Pol. 17: 663–708.
Gliwicz, Z. M. & E. Siedler, 1980. Food size limitation and algae interfering with food collection in Daphnia. Arch. Hydrobiol. 88: 155–177.
Golterman, H. L., 1965. Hydrobiologische aspecten van de Vechtplassen. Akademiedagen Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet. 17: 23–36/ (in Dutch).
Golterman, H. L., 1969. Methods for chemical analysis of water; ed. H. L. Golterman with assistance of R. S. Clymo. London, I.B.P., Oxford etc. Blackwell I.B.P. Handbook 8, 172 pp.
Gons, H. J., R. D. Gulati & L. v. Liere, 1986. The eutrophic Loosdrecht lakes: current ecological research and restoration perspectives. Hydrobiol. Bull. 20: 51–60.
Gulati, R. D., 1972. Limnological studies on some lakes in the Netherlands. I. A limnological reconnaissance and primary production of Wijde Blik, an artificially deepened lake. Freshwat. Biol. 2: 37–54.
Gulati, R. D., 1983. Zooplankton and its grazing as indicators of trophic status in Dutch lakes. Envir. Monit. Assessm. 3: 343–353.
Gulati, R. D., 1984. The zooplankton and its grazing as measures of trophy in the Loosdrecht Lakes. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 22: 863–867.
Gulati, R. D., K. Siewertsen & G. Postema, 1982. The zooplankton: its community structure, food and feeding and role in the ecosystem of Lake Vechten. Hydrobiologia 95: 127–163.
Gulati, R. D., K. Siewertsen & G. Postema, 1985. Zooplankton structure and grazing activities in relation to food quality and concentration in Dutch lakes. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 21: 91–102.
Gulati, R. D., G. Postema & K. Siewertsen, 1987. The hypertrophic Loosdrecht Lakes: zooplankton structure in the periods before (1982–83) and after (1984–86) reduction in external P-loading. Limnological Institute, Nieuwersluis, Internal Report 1987–6. 108 pp.
Haberman, J., 1983. Comparative analysis of plankton rotifer biomass in large Estonian lakes. Hydrobiologia 104: 293–296.
Hall, D. J., S. T. Threlkeld, C. W. Burns & P. H. Crowle, 1976. The size-efficiency hypothesis and size structure of zooplankton communities. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7: 177–208.
Hillbricht-Ilkowska, A., 1977. Trophic relations and energy flow in pelagic plankton. Pol. ecol. Stud. 3: 3–98.
Hutchinson, G. E., 1967. A treatise on limnology. 2. Introduction to lake biology and the limnoplankton, Wiley, New York, 1115 pp.
Irvine, K., 1986. Differential feeding behaviour of the dominant Cladocera as an explanation of zooplankton community structure in the Loosdrecht Lakes. Hydrobiol. Bull. 20: 121–134.
Kal, B. F. M., G. B. Engelen & Th. E. Cappenberg, 1984. Loosdrecht lakes Restoration Project. Hydrobiology and physico-chemical characteristics of the lakes. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 22: 835–841.
Kott, P., 1953. Modified whirling for the subsampling of plankton. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 4: 387–393.
Lampert, W., 1981. Toxicity of blue-green Microcystis aeruginosa: effective defense mechanism against grazing pressure by Daphnia. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 21: 1436–1440.
Liere, L. van, S. Parma, L. R. Mur, P. Leentvaar & G. B. Engelen, 1984. Loosdrecht Lakes Restoration Project, an introduction. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 22: 829–834.
Liere, L. van, 1986. Loosdrecht lakes: origin, eutrophication, restoration and research programme. Hydrobiol. Bull. 20: 9–15.
Liere, L. van, R. D. Gulati, F. G. Wortelboer & E. H. R. R. Lammens, 1990. Phosphorus dynamics following restoration measures in the Loosdrecht lakes. Hydrobiologia 191: 87–95.
Loogman, J. G. & L. van Liere (eds.), 1986. Proceedings of the Waterquality Research Loosdrecht Lakes Symposium on: Restoration of shallow lake ecosystems with special emphasis on Loosdrecht Lakes, 20 (1–2), 259 pp.
Makarewicz, J. C. & G. E. Likens, 1979. Structure and function of the zooplankton community of the Mirror Lake, N.H. Ecol. Monogr. 49: 109–127.
Pace, M. L., 1986. An empirical analysis of zooplankton community size structure across the trophic gradients. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 45–55.
Pace, M. L. & J. D. Orcutt Jr., 1981. The relative importance of protozoans, rotifers and crustaceans in a freshwater zooplankton community. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26: 822–830.
Pejler, B., 1957. Taxonomical and ecological studies on plankton Rotatoria from northern Swedish Lapland. K. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. Ser. 4,6: 1–68.
Peters, R. H. & J. A. Downing, 1984. Empirical analysis of zooplankton filtering and feeding rates. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 763–784.
Pourriot, R., 1977. Food and feeding habits of Rotifera. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 8: 243–260.
Ruttner-Kolisko, A., 1977. Suggestions for biomass calculation of plankton rotifers. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 8: 71–76.
Starkweather, P. L., 1980. Aspects of feeding behaviour and trophic ecology of suspension feeding. Hydrobiologia 73: 63–72.
Starkweather, P. L. & P. E. Kellar, 1983. Utilization of cyanobacteria by Brachionus calyciorus: Anabaena flosaquae (NRC-44–1) as a sole or complementary food source. Hydrobiologia 104: 373–377.
Vijverberg, J. & A. F. Richter, 1982. Population dynamics and production of Daphnia hyalina Leydig and Daphnia cucullata Sars in Tjeukemeer. Hydrobiologia 95: 235–259.
Williamson, C. E., 1983. Invertebrate predation on planktonic rotifers. Hydrobiologia 104: 385–396.
Winberg, G. G. & collaborators, 1971. Symbols, units and conversion factors of freshwater productivity. I.B.P. London, 23 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gulati, R.D. Zooplankton structure in the Loosdrecht lakes in relation to trophic status and recent restoration measures. Hydrobiologia 191, 173–188 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026051
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026051