Skip to main content
Log in

Major characters and enoplan systematics

  • Published:
Hydrobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The history of enoplan systematics is briefly reviewed. Various taxonomic characters significant at the generic level and above are discussed, with comments on their application to traditional classifications and to recently propounded theories and new approaches to enoplan classification schemes. Several new characters are introduced and their potential significance examined. Finally, a revised classification scheme is presented which leaves open some of the phylogenetic questions about which there is presently much debate but, at the same time, provides secure higher taxa to contain the many forms and groups currently undergoing revision.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Berg, G., 1972. Studies on Nipponnemertes Friedrich, 1968 (Nemertini, Hoplonemertini). I. Redescription of Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston, 1837) with special reference to intraspecific variation of the taxonomical characters. Zool. Scr., 1: 211–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, G., 1985. Studies on Nipponnemertes Friedrich (Nemertini, Hoplonemertini). II. Taxonomy of Nipponnemertes pulcher (Johnston) and some other species. Zool. Scr., 14: 239–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, A., 1914–15. itUniporus, ein neues Genus der Familie Drepanophoridae Verrill. Bergens Mus. Aarbok, No. 6: 1–29.

  • Brinkmann, A., 1917. de Die pelagischen Nemertinen. Bergens Mus. Skr. ny Raek., 3, 1: 1–194.

  • Bürger, O., 1891. Nemertinen des Golfes von Neapel. Nachr. Königl. Gesellsch. Wiss. Gottingen. aus 1891: 286–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, O., 1895. Die Nemertinen des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 22: 1–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bürger, O., 1897–1907. Nemertini. In: Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Bd. 4, Supplement, Leipzig.

  • Bürger, O., 1904. Nemertini. Das Tierreich, 20: 1–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cain, A. J. & G. A. Harrison, 1960. Phyletic weighting. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 135: 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carus, J. V., 1885. Prodromus faunae Mediterraneae sive descripto annimalium maris Mediterranei incolarum quam annimalium maris Mediterranei incolarum quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus corumque auctoribus in commodum zoologorum. Vol. I. Coelenterata, Echinodermata, Vermes, Arthropoda. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, W. R., 1901. Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. XX. The Nemerteans. Proc. Wash. acad. Sci. 3: 1–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, W. R., 1904. Nemerteans of the Pacific Coast of North America. Part II. Harriman Alaska ser. 11: 111–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, W. R., 1905. Nemerteans of the west and northwest coasts of America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 47: 1–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe W. R., 1926. The pelagic nemerteans. Mem. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 49: 1–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, W. R., 1943. Biology of the nemerteans of the Atlantic coast of North America. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 35: 129–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crandall, F. B., 1993. The genus Valdivianemertes StiasnyWijnhoff 1923 (Nemertea, Enopla, Hoplonemertea): nomenclatural status and proper systematic position. Hydrobiologia 266: 175–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, H., 1935. Studien zur Morphologie, Systematik und Okologie der Nemertinen der Kieler Bucht. Arch. Naturgesch., 4: 293–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, H., 1940. Einige neue Hoplonemertinen aus der Ostsee. Kieler Meeresforsch. 3: 233–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, H., 1955. Beitrage zu einer Synopsis der Gattungen der Nemertini monostilifera nebst Bestimmungsschlussel. Z. wiss. Zool., 158: 133–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, H., 1957. Beitrage zur kenntnis der Arktischen Hoplonemertinen. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren. 119: 129–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, H., 1968. Sagaminemertes, eine bemerkenswerte neue Gattung der Hoplonemertinen und ihre systematische Stellung. Zool. Ariz. 180: 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, H., 1970. Nemertinen aus Chile. Sarsia 40: 1–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gering, G., 1912. Neue Nemertinen der schwedischen Westkuste. Zool. Ariz. 39: 520–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gering, G., 1913. Neue Nemertinen der schwedischen Westkuste. Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst. 34: 187–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1972. Nemerteans. London, Hutchinson, 224 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1982. Nemertea. In: Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, ed. S. P. Parker, Vol. 1, pp 823–846. New York, McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1988. Evolutionary relationships between mono- and polystiliferous hoplonemerteans: Nipponnemertes (Cratenemertidae), a ‘missing link’ genus? Hydrobiologia 156: 61–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1989. The macrobenthic nemertean fauna of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. S. (ed.) Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. Hong Kong Univ. Press, Hong Kong Vol. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1990a. Classification of the Nemertea Enopla: response to Sundberg's critique and cladistic analysis. Zool. Scr. 19: 141–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1990b. The macrobenthic nemertean fauna of the Albany region, Western Australia. In: Proceedings of the Third International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Albany, Western Australia, eds. F. E. Wells, D. I. Walker, H. Kirkman, and R. Lethbridge, Vol. 1, pp 89–194. Western Australian Museum, Perth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R. & F. B. Crandall, 1989. The genus Amphiporus Ehrenberg (Nemertea, Enopla, Monostiliferoidea). Zool. Scr., 18: 453–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R. & F. B. Crandall, 1991. Amphiporus Ehrenberg (Nemertea): Proposed designation of Planaria lactiflorea Johnston, 1828 as the type species. Bull. zool. Nomenclature, 48: 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., J. Moore & F. B. Crandall, 1982. A new semiterrestrial nemertean from California. J. Zool., Lond. 196: 463–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, W., 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 263 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubrecht, A. A. W., 1879. The genera of European nemerteans critically revised, with description of several new species. Notes Leyden Mus. 1: 193–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, F., 1954. Some nemerteans from the coasts of the Kii Peninsula. Publs Seto mar. biol. Lab. 4: 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, F., 1960. Studies on the comparative embryology of nemerteans with special reference to their interrelationships. Publs Akkeshi mar. biol. Stn No. 10: pp1–51.

  • Iwata, F., 1972. Axial changes in the nemertean egg and embryo during development and its phylogenetic significance. J. Zool., Lond. 168: 521–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, F., 1985. Foregut formation of the nemerteans and its role in nemertean systematics. Am. Zool. 25: 23–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen, A. & J. Lützen, 1988. Ultrastructure and morphological interpretation of the circulatory system of nemerteans (Phylum Rhynchocoela). Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren. 147: 47–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, G., 1827–28. Contributions to the British fauna. Zool. J. 3: 321–336, 486–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsteuer, E., 1963. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Systematik und Anatomie der adriatischen Nemertinen (Genera Tetrastemma, Oerstedia, Oerstediella). Zool. Jb. Abt. Anat. 80: 555–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsteuer, E., 1967. New marine nemerteans from Nossi Be, Madagascar. Results of the Austrian Indo-Westpacific Expedition 1959/60 Part VIII. Zool. Ariz. 178: 110–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsteuer, E., 1973. A new polystiliferous hoplonemertean, Curranemertes natans gen. et sp.n., from the Caribbean Sea (Nemertina, Polystilifera Reptantia). Zool. Scr., 2: 125–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsteuer, E., 1974. Description of Poseidonemertes caribensis sp. n., and discussion of other taxa of Hoplonemertini Monostilifera with divided longitudinal musculature in the body wall. Zool. Scr. 3: 153–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korotkevich, V. S., 1955. Pelagicheskie nemertinui dalnevostochnuikh morei SSSR. Izdav. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 58: 1–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korotkevich, V. S., 1964. Pelagic nemerteans of Antarctic and temperate waters of the southern hemisphere. Biol. Rep. Sov. Antartic Exped. 1955–58, 2: 134–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, W. C., 1873–74. A Monograph of the British Annelids. Part I, Nemerteans. London, Ray Society. 1873–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, T. H., 1897. Descriptions of new metanemerteans with notes on other species. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst. 10: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R. Gibson, 1981. The Geonemertes problem (Nemertea). J. Zool., Lond. 194: 175–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R. Gibson, 1985. The evolution and comparative physiology of terrestrial and freshwater nemerteans. Biol. Rev. 60: 257–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R. Gibson, 1988a. Marine relatives of terrestrial nemerteans: the genus Prosadenoporus Bürger, 1890 (Hoplonemertea). Hydrobiologia 156: 75–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R. Gibson, 1988b. Further studies on the evolution of land and freshwater nemerteans: generic relationships among the paramonostiliferous taxa. J. Zool., Lond. 216: 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norenburg, J., 1986. Redescription of a brooding nemertine, Cyanophthalma obscura (Schultze) gen. et Comb. n., with observations on its biology and discussion of the species of Prostomatella and related taxa. Zool. Scr. 15: 275–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pantin, C. F. A., 1969. The genus Geonemertes. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Zool. 18: 263–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riser, N. W., 1988. Arhynchonemertes axi gen.n., sp.n. (Nemertinea) — an insight into basic bilaterian organology. Fortschritte Zool. 36: 367–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riser, N. W., 1989. Speciation and time-relationships of the nemertines to the acoelomate metazoan bilateria. Bull. mar. Sci. 45: 531–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultze, M., 1851. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien. Greifswald, C. A. Koch, 78 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultze, M., 1853. Zoologische Skizzen. Z. wiss. Zool. 4: 178–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sneath, P. H. A. & R. R. Sokal, 1973. Numerical taxonomy: the principles and practice of numerical classification. San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 573 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiasny-Wijnhoff, G., 1923. On Brinkmann's system of the Nemertea Enopla and Siboganemertes weberi n. gen. n. sp. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 67: 627–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiasny-Wijnhoff, G., 1926. The Nemertea Polystilifera of Naples. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli 7: 119–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiasny-Wijnhoff, G., 1936. Die Polystilifera der Siboga expedition. Monographic XXII aus: Uitkomsten op Zoologisch, Botanisch, Oceanographisch en Geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899–1900. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 1936

    Google Scholar 

  • Stricker, S. A., 1985. The stylet apparatus of monostiliferous hoplonemerteans. Am. Zool. 25: 87–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, P., 1979. Statistical analysis of variation in characters in Tetrastemma laminariae (Nemertini) with a redescription of the species. J. Zool., Lond. 189: 39–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, P., 1990. Gibson's reclassification of the enoplan nemerteans (Enopla, Nemertea): a critique and cladistic analysis. Zool. Scr. 19: 133–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, P., 1991. A proposal for renaming the higher taxonomic categories in the phylum Nemertea. J. Nat. Hist. 25: 45–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verrill, A. E., 1892. The marine nemerteans of New England and adjacent waters. Trans. Conn. acad. Arts Sci., 8: 382–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijnhoff, G., 1912. Die systematik der Nemertinen. Zool. Anz. 40: 337–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijnhoff, G., 1914. The proboscidian system in nemertines. Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 60, Part II: 273–312.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Crandall, F.B. Major characters and enoplan systematics. Hydrobiologia 266, 115–140 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00013363

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00013363

Key words

Navigation