Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Circadian pattern of hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen and lipid content, plasma non-esterified fatty acid, glucose, T3, T4, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations in Oncorhynchus mykiss held under different photoperiod regimes and fed using demand-feeders

  • Published:
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The circadian patterns of several tissue and plasma metabolites, and several plasma hormone concentrations are described in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were held in groups under three different photoperiod regimes, and given free access to a demand-feeder. Regardless of photoperiod regime, all the measured parameters showed significant diel rhythms that appeared to be synchronized by dawn; dawn was represented by the concomitant onset of both light and feeding. The diel increases in hepatic glycogen content, and plasma T4 and cortisol concentrations were in phase with the main period of feeding activity, whereas the peaks in plasma T3 and glucose concentrations that may also be triggered by feeding activity, were delayed by several hours. The peaks in hepatosomatic index, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and plasma growth hormone concentrations were 180° out of phase with the main period of feeding activity, and associated with periods of hypophagia and low activity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References cited

  • Ågren, G., Wilander, O. and Jorpes, E. 1931. Cyclic changes in the glycogen content of the liver and the muscles of rats and mice. Their bearing upon the sensitivity of the animals to insulin, and their influence on the urinary output of nitrogen. Biochem. J. 25: 777–785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, S. 1980. A chronometric approach to the study of feeding behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 4: 27–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschoff, J. 1979. Circadian rhythms: General features and endocrinological aspects. In Endocrine Rhythms. pp. 23–56. Edited by D.T. Krieger. Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Audet, C., Fitzgerald, G.J. and Guderley, H. 1986. Photoperiod effects on plasma cortisol levels in Gasterosteus aculeatus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 61: 76–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911–917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boujard, T. and Leatherland, J.F. 1992a. Circadian rhythms and feeding time in fishes. Env. Biol. Fish. (In press).

  • Boujard, T. and Leatherland, J.F. 1992b. Demand-feeding behaviour and diel cycle of feeding activity in Oncorhynchus mykiss held under different photoperiod regimes. J. Fish Biol. (In press).

  • Bry, C. 1982. Daily variations in plasma cortisol levels of individual female of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri: Evidence for a post-feeding peak in well-adapted fish. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 48: 462–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrillo, M.A., Zanuy, S., Kuo, J. and Watanabe, W. 1980. Daily rhythms of liver cAMP, total liver lipids, prolactin-like hormone and growth hormone cell activities in Sarotherodon mossambicus acclimated to different photoperiod regimes. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 41: 325–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R.F. and Eales, J.G. 1987. Effects of feeding and photocycle on diel changes in plasma thyroid hormone levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Exp. Zool. 242: 161–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delahunty, G., Olcese, J., Prack, M., Vodicnik, M.J., Schreck, C.B. and DeVlaming, V. 1978. Diurnal variations in the physiology of the goldfish Carassius auratus. J. Interdisc. Cycle Res. 9: 73–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eales, J.G., Hughes, M. and Uin, L. 1981. Effect of food intake on diel variation in plasma thyroid hormone levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 45: 167–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farbridge, K.J. and Leatherland, J.F. 1991. The development of a noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for oncorhynchid growth hormone using monoclonal antibodies. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 82: 7–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farbridge, K.J. and Leatherland, J.F. 1992a. Plasma growth hormone levels in fed and fasted rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are decreased following handling stress. Fish Physiol. Biochem. (In press).

  • Farbridge, K.J. and Leatherland, J.F. 1992b. Correlation between appetite and plasma thyroid, growth hormone and metabolite concentrations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In Fish Nutrition in Practice. Edited by S.J. Kaushik, I.N.R.A. Paris (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fivizzani, A.J., Spieler, R.E. and Noeske, T.A. 1984. The influence of ambient temperature on the daily variation of serum cortisol in the banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus. J. Interdisc. Cycle Res. 15: 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flisinska-Bojanowska, A., Gill, J., Komosa, M. and Kompanowska-Jezierska, E. 1989. A study of diurnal changes in cortisol and glucose levels and FDPA activity in foals during the first 13 weeks of life and in their lactating mothers. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 94A: 283–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Follenius, M., Brandenberger, G. and Hieter, B. 1982. Diurnal cortisol peaks and their relationships to meals. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 757–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, L.E. and Meier, A.H. 1973. Daily rhythms in concentration of plasma cortisol in male and female gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis. Biol. Bull. 144: 471–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez, J., Carrillo, M., Zanuy, S. and Planas, J. 1984. Daily rhythms of insulin and glucose levels in the plasma of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax after experimental feeding. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 55: 393–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbes, S.E. and Allen, C.P. 1983. Lipid quantification of freshwater invertebrates: Method modification for microquantification. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 1315–1317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honma, K.-T., Honma, S. and Hiroshige, T. 1983. Critical role of food amount for prefeeding corticosterone peak in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 245: R339–R344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honma, K.-L., Honma, S. and Hiroshige, T. 1984. Feeding-associated corticosterone peak in rats under various feeding cycles. Am. J. Physiol. R721–R726.

  • Komosa, M., Flisinska-Bojanowska, A. and Gill, J. 1990. Development of diurnal rhythm in some metabolic parameters in foals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 95A: 549–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laidley, C.W. and Leatherland, J.F. 1988. Circadian studies of plasma cortisol, thyroid hormone, protein, glucose and ion concentration, liver glycogen concentration and liver and spleen weight in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Comp. Biochem. Physiol 89A: 495–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamba, V.J., Goswami, S.V. and Sundararaj, B.I. 1983. Circannual and circadian variations in plasma levels of steroids (cortisol, estradiol-17β, estrone, and testosterone) correlated with the annual gonadal cycle in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 50: 205–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatherland, J.F. and Nuti, R.N. 1981. Effects of bovine growth hormone on plasma FFA concentrations and liver, muscle and carcass lipid content in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish Biol. 19: 487–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatherland, J.F. and Nuti, R.A. 1982. Diurnal variation in somatotrop activity and correlated changes in plasma free fatty acids and tissue lipid levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Interdisc. Cycle Res. 13: 219–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatherland, J.F., McKeown, B.A. and John, T.M. 1974. Circadian rhythm of plasma prolactin, growth hormone, glucose and free fatty acid in juvenile kokanee salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 47a: 821–828.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatherland, J.F., Cho, C.Y. and Slinger, S.J. 1977. Effects of diet, ambient temperature, and holding conditions on plasma thyroxine levels in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 34: 677–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lo, S., Russel, J.C. and Taylor, A.W. 1970. Determination of glycogen in small tissue samples. J. Appl. Physiol. 28: 234–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mistlberger, R. 1990. Circadian pitfalls in experimental designs employing food restriction. Psychobiology 18: 23–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noeske, T.A. and Spieler, R.E. 1983. Photoperiod and diel variations of serum cortisol, thyroxine and protein in goldfish, Carassius auratus L. J. Fish Biol. 23: 705–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborn, R.H., Simpson, T.H. and Youngson, A.F. 1978. Seasonal and diurnal rhythms of thyroidal status in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Biol. 12: 531–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez, J., Zanuy, S. and Carrillo, M. 1988. Effects of diet and feeding time on daily variations in plasma insulin, hepatic cAMP and other metabolites in a teleost fish, Dicentrarchus labrax L. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 5: 191–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peter, R.E., Hontela, A., Cook, A.F. and Paulencu, C.R. 1978. Daily cycles in serum cortisol levels in the goldfish: effects of photoperiod, temperature, and sexual condition. Can. J. Zool. 56: 2443–2448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, A.D. and Pottinger, T.G. 1983. Seasonal and diel changes in plasma cortisol levels of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 49: 232–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rance, T.A., Baker, B.I. and Webley, G. 1982. Variations in plasma cortisol concentrations over a 24-hour period in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 48: 269–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, M., Koji, N. and Hideo, K. 1989. Modifications of circadian cortisol rhythm by cyclic and continuous total enteral nutrition. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 35: 639–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, M.A. 1986. Effects of thyroxin, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin on lipid metabolism of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, during smoltification. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 64: 220–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiraishi, I., Honma, K.-I., Honma, S. and Hiroshige, T. 1984. Ethosecretogram: relation of behavior to plasma corticosterone in freely moving rats. Am. J. Physiol. 16: R40–R45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, A.K. 1981. Effect of prolactin tissue glycogen and lipid content in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 19: 425–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sollberger, A. 1964. The control of circadian glycogen rhythms. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 117: 519–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spieler, R.E. 1979. Diel rhythms of circulating prolactin, cortisol, thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in fishes: A review. Rev. Can. Biol. 38: 301–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spieler, R.E. and Clougherty, J.J. 1989. Free-running locomotor rhythms of feeding-entrained goldfish. Zool. Sci. 6: 813–816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spieler, R.E. and Noeske, T.A. 1981. Timing of a single daily meal and diel variations of serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine and cortisol in goldfish, Carassius auratus. Life Sci. 28: 2939–2944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spieler, R.E. and Noeske, T.A. 1984. Effects of photoperiod and feeding schedule on diel variations of locomotor activity, cortisol, and thyroxine in goldfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113: 528–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strazzulla, G., Guazzelli, R., Romano, S., Matassi, L., Cotrozzi, G. and Brocchi, A. 1990. Circadian variations of plasma somatostatin levels in healthy subjects. Chronobiologia 17: 219–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundby, A., Eliassen, K.A., Blom, A.K. and Asgard, T. 1991. Plasma insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide and glucose levels in response to feeding, starvation and life long restricted feed ration in salmonids. Fish Physiol. Biochem. (In press).

  • Youngson, A.F. 1989. Thyroid hormones in migrating Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 82: 319–327.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. T. Boujard

    Present address: INRA Hydrobiologie, BP3, 64310, Ascain, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2W1, Canada

    T. Boujard & J. F. Leatherland

Authors
  1. T. Boujard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. F. Leatherland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Boujard, T., Leatherland, J.F. Circadian pattern of hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen and lipid content, plasma non-esterified fatty acid, glucose, T3, T4, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations in Oncorhynchus mykiss held under different photoperiod regimes and fed using demand-feeders. Fish Physiol Biochem 10, 111–122 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004522

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004522

Keywords

Search

Navigation