Skip to main content

Academic Integrity in Legal Education

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Academic Integrity

Abstract

Academic integrity is an asset in legal education because it enables law students to practice ethical decision-making as the foundation of a positive professional identity necessary for life as a lawyer. The consequences for a law student found to have breached the rules of academic integrity may be serious because it is a breach of trust, which is a hallmark of the legal profession. Many jurisdictions require applicants for legal practice to disclose any finding of academic misconduct against them during their education and training.

Law schools can do more than teach legal ethics in meeting the high professional standard that contemporary societies need in law graduates. The regime of academic integrity may be the strongest asset law schools have to assist in that task. Like professional legal ethics, academic integrity involves a system of ethical practice, bordered by rules with real implications for breach. In creating ethical professionals, law schools can inspire students to engage with academic integrity constructively and use it to prove their competence as well as developing a positive professional identity with integrity at its core.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 799.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ABA. (2014a). Standards of rules and procedure for approval of law schools 2014–2015. American Bar Association. Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • ABA. (2014b). Comprehensive guide to bar admission requirements. American Bar Association. Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackman, D. (2002) ‘Enron’s lawyers: Eyes wide shut’, Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2002/01/28/0128veenron.html. Accessed 25 June 2015

  • ALRC. (1999). Australian law reform commission, report on 89. Managing justice: A review of the federal justice system. http://www.alrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/pdfs/publications/ALRC89.pdf. Accessed Feb 2000.

  • Arthurs, H. W. (1998). Why Canadian law schools do not teach legal ethics. In K. Economides (Ed.), Ethical challenges to legal education and conduct (pp. 105–118). Oxford: Hart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagaric, M., & Dimopoulos, P. (2003). Legal ethics is (just) normal ethics: Towards a coherent system of legal ethics. Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal, 3(2), 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, F., & Haller, L. (2013). Disclosing lawyers: Questioning law and process in the admission of Australian lawyers. Federal Law Review, 41, 227–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassler, S. A. (2014). Public access to law school honor code proceedings. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics 7 Public Policy, 15(8), 207–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bast, C., & Samuels, L. (2007–2008). Plagiarism and legal scholarship in the age of information sharing: The need for intellectual honesty. Catholic University Law Review, 57. p.777

    Google Scholar 

  • Bermingham, V., Watson, S., & Jones, M. (2010). Plagiarism in UK law schools: Is there a postcode lottery? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birnbauer, W. (2004) ‘I helped tobacco firm destroy documents: Lawyer’. The Age, 26 Sept 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borson, J., & Gordon, J. (2005). Marple Newtown’s student academic integrity committee. In A. Lathrop & K. Foss (Eds.), Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretag, T., Mahmud, S., Wallace, M., Walker, R., McGowan, U., East, J., Partridge, L., & James, C. (2011). Core elements of exemplary academic integrity policy in Australian higher education. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 7(2), 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretag, T., Mahmud, S., Wallace, M., Walker, R., McGowan, U., East, J., Green, M., Partridge, L., James, C. (2013). ‘Teach us how to do it properly!’ An Australian academic integrity student survey. Studies in Higher Education, 39(7), 1150–1169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnette, J. L., O’Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., & Pollack, J. M. (2013). Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 139(3), 655–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CALD. (2009). The CALD standards for Australian law schools. http://www.cald.asn.au/docs/CALD%20-%20standards%20project%20-%20final%20-%20adopted%2017%20November%202009.pdf

  • Campbell, A., Whitehead, J., & Finkelstein, S. (2009). Why good leaders make bad decisions. Harvard Business Review, 87(2), 60–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlos, K. C. (1997). Future of law school honor codes: Guidelines for creating and implementing effective honor codes. University of Missouri Kansas City Law Review, 65. p. 937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casey, T. (2014). Reflective practice in legal education: The stages of reflection. Clinical Law Review, 20, 317–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, L. (2013). Australian lawyers as public citizens. Legal Ethics, 16(1), 58–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, L., & Carter, J. (2007). Is plagiarism indicative of prospective legal practice? Legal Education Review, 17, 53–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotter, W. B. (1992). Professional responsibility instruction in Canada: A coordinated curriculum for legal education. Montreal: Conceptcom, for Joint National Committee on Legal Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, J. J. (2007). Where courts and academe converge: Findings of fact or academic judgment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Law and Education, 12(1), 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Cremer, D., Mayer, D. M., & Schminke, M. (2010). On understanding ethical behavior and decision making: A behavioral ethics approach. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(1), 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin, M., & Gray, K. (2007). In their own words: A qualitative study of the reasons Australian university students plagiarise. Higher Education Research and Development, 26(2), 181–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodek, A. M. (2008). Canadian Legal Ethics: Ready for the 21st Century at Last. Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 46(1), 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, J. E., Roberts, L. M., & Bednar, J. (2010). Pathways for positive identity construction at work: Four types of positive identity and the building of social resources. Academy of Management Review, 35(2), 265–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C. S. (2007). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Ballantine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzienkowski, J. S. (2004). Character and fitness inquiries in law school admissions. South Texas Law Review, 45, 921–982.

    Google Scholar 

  • EAIP. (2013). Exemplary academic integrity project. University of South Australia. http://resource.unisa.edu.au/course/view.php?id=6633

  • Field, R., Duffy, J., & Huggins, A. (2014). Lawyering and positive professional identities. Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, T., & Lorilei, S. (2011). Teachable moments: Ethics and reflection in service-learning. National Dropout Prevention Center/Network, Clemson University. Clemson, SC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, A., & Maniatis, S. M. (2008). Intellectual property on the internet. http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sites/default/files/intellectual_property_internet.pdf

  • FLSC. (2014). Federation of law societies of Canada. http://www.flsc.ca/en/national-admission-standards/

  • Glaetzer, S. (2014). Lawyer who stole from clients jailed. Mercury, 13 Aug 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimes, R. (1996). The ACLEC report – Meeting legal education needs in the 21st century. Legal Education Review, 281 7(2), p. 281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, K. (2013). Tough love: Professional regulation of lawyer dishonesty. ANU College of law research paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, K., O’Brien, M. T., & Tang, S. (2010). Developing a professional identity in law school: A view from Australia. Phoenix Law Review, 4, 21–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, N. (2008) Foreword: The Formation of an Ethical Identity in the Peer-Review Professions, 5 University of St Thomas Law Review 361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, N., & Monson, V. (2011a). Answering the skeptics on fostering ethical professional formation (professionalism). Professional Lawyer, 20(4), p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, N., & Monson, V. (2011b). The positive empirical relationship of professionalism to effectiveness in the practice of law. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 24, 137–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, N. W., Monson, V., & Organ, G. M. (2012). Encouraging each student’s personal responsibility for core competencies including professionalism. Professional Lawyer, 21(3), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, L. (1974). ‘The Harris Poll’, Sarasota Herald Tribute, 30 Sept 1974, 10 (Weckstein, 1974–1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodes, W. W. (2002). Truthfulness and honesty among American lawyers: Perception, reality, the professional reform initiative. South Carolina Law Review, 53, 527–548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hon Sir Gerard Brennan, A.C. (2007). ‘The role of the legal profession in the rule of law’, keynote speech given at the Supreme Court of Queensland, Brisbane. Law Council of Australia conference. Defending and preserving the rule of law in a climate of global and regional uncertainty, 31 Aug–1 Sept 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, P. H. (2015). How improving decision-making and mindfulness can improve legal ethics and professionalism. Journal of Law Business & Ethics, 21, 35–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huberts, L. W. J. C., et al. (Eds.). (2008). Ethics and integrity of governance: Perspectives across frontiers. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • IBA. (2014). International Bar Association. ‘International code of ethics’ and ‘statement of general principles for ethics of lawyers’, materials accessed through the IBA. http://www.ibanet.org/Default.aspx. Accessed 19 Oct 2014.

  • Jacobson, C. P. (2007). Academic misconduct and bar admissions: A proposal for a revised standard. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 20, 739–754.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, C. G. (2011). Law student wellbeing: Benefits of promoting psychological literacy and self-awareness using mindfulness, strengths theory and emotional intelligence. Legal Education Review, 21, 217–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, N. (2013). ‘How dare you tell me how to teach!’: Resistance to educationalism within Australian law schools. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 36(3), 778–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, C. G., & Mahmud, S. (2014). Promoting academic integrity in legal education: ‘Unanswered questions’ on disclosure. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 10(2), 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josephson Institute. (2014). Model standards for academic, social, emotional, and character development: Critical educational outcomes. http://josephsoninstitute.org/

  • Kift, S., Israel, M., & Field, R. (2011). Bachelor of laws learning and teaching academic standards statement. Canberra, Australia: ALTC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kouchaki, M. (2014). In the afternoon, the moral slope gets slipperier. Harvard Business Review, May 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • LACC. (2010). Legal Admissions Consultative Committee (Australia), Submission to taskforce on national profession reform, 19 July 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • LACC. (2011). Legal Admissions Consultative Committee (Australia), Submission to SCAG working group on national legal profession reform – Suitability for admission, procedural requirements.

    Google Scholar 

  • LACC. (2015). Revised PLT Competency Standards. Law Admissions Consultative Committee. http://www1.lawcouncil.asn.au/LACC/images/pdfs/LACCCompetencyStandardsforEntryLevelLawyers-Jan2015.pdf

  • Larcombe, W., Malkin, I., & Nicholson, P. (2012). Law students’ motivations, expectations and levels of psychological distress: Evidence of connections. Legal Education Review, 22, 71–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lathrop, A., & Foss, K. (2005). Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.

    Google Scholar 

  • LCA. (1994). Law Council of Australia, Blueprint for the structure of the legal profession: A national market for legal services (Priestley report). http://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/lawcouncil/images/LCA-PDF/a-z-docs/BLUEPRINT.pdf

  • LeClercq, T. (1999). Failure to teach: Due process and law school plagiarism. Journal of Legal Education, 49(2), 236–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi, M., et al. (2004). Lawyers as crime facilitators in Europe: An introduction and overview. Crime Law & Social Change, 42, 117–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, D. L., Trevino, L. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (2002). Honor codes and other contextual influences on academic integrity: A replication and extension to modified honor code settings. Research in Higher Education, 43(3), 357–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch, S. (2012). Citations in search of a purpose: Source use and authorial voice in L2 student writing. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 8(1), 55–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, R. (2012). Roy Morgan image of professions survey 2012. http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/5531-image-of-professions-2014-201404110537

  • NBAR. (2013). Report of the commission on the theft of American intellectual property. http://www.ipcommission.org/report/ip_commission_report_052213.pdf

  • Nicholson, L. H. (2002–2003). A Hobson’s choice for securities lawyers in the post-Enron environment: Striking a balance between the obligation of client loyalty and market gatekeeper. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 16. p. 91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nonis, S., & Swift, C. (2001). An examination of the relationship between academic honesty and workplace dishonesty: A multi-campus investigation. Journal of Education for Business, 77(2). p. 69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Northrop, F. (1959). The complexity of legal ethical experience, p. 6. Cited in O’Dair (1998) Recent developments in the teaching of legal ethics. National Dropout Prevention Center/Network, Clemson University. Clemson, SC.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dair, R. (1998). Recent developments in the teaching of legal ethics – A UK perspective. In K. Economides (Ed.), Ethical challenges to legal education and conduct. UK; Hart Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oko, O. (2008–2009). Lawyers in fragile democracies and the challenges of democratic consolidation: The Nigerian experience. Fordham Law Review, 77. p. 1295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C., & Evans, A. (2014). Inside lawyers’ ethics. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, R. A. (2007). The little book of plagiarism. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin (then QC), W. (2003). The HIH royal commission. http://www.hihroyalcom.gov.au/

  • Riddle, T. (2013). How your moral decisions are shaped by a bad mood. Scientific American, March 12. p.491

    Google Scholar 

  • Roxon, N. (2006). The people vs lawyers: The case for an ethical (and influential) profession. Keynote address to the inaugural Australian women lawyers conference ‘Celebrating excellence’, Sydney. 29–30 Sept 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroder, H. S., Moran, T. P., Donnellan, M. B., & Moser, J. S. (2014). Mindset induction effects on cognitive control: A neurobehavioral investigation. Biological Psychological, 103, 27–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., & Krieger, L. S. (2004). Does legal education have undermining effects on law students? Evaluating changes in motivation, values, and well-being. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 261–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherr, A., & Webley, L. (2006). Legal Ethics in England and Wales. University of London, Instituted of Advanced Legal Studies. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/id/eprint/264. Accessed 25 June 2015.

  • Simons, T. (2008). The integrity dividend: Leading by the power of your word. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • SRA. (2011). Solicitors’ regulation authority, SRA suitability test 2011, (England and Wales). http://www.sra.org.uk/solicitors/handbook/admissionregs/content.page. Accessed 25 Oct 2014.

  • Stansbury, J. M., & Sonenshein, S. (2012). Positive business ethics: Grounding and elaborating a theory of good works. In K. S. Cameron & G. M. Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (pp. 340–352). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, W. M., Colby, A., Wegner, J. W., Bond, L., & Shulman, L. S. (2007). Educating lawyers: Preparation for the profession of law. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland-Smith, W. (2005). Pandora’s box: Academic perceptions of student plagiarism in writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 4(1), 83–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tadros, E. (2014). Law degree the new arts degree, students warned. Financial Review. http://www.afr.com/p/national/law_degree_the_new_arts_degree_students_1K7jPfP5dRkaZGVazcMAEP. Accessed 9 Sept 2014.

  • Tamanaha, B. Z. (2014). Insights about the nature of law from history. Kobe Memorial Lecture, Washington University in St Louis School of Law Legal studies research paper series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tani, M., & Vines, P. (2009). Law students attitudes to education: A pointer to depression in the legal academy and the profession? Legal Education Review, 19(1&2), 3–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tennant, P., Rowell, G., & Duggan, F. (2007). Academic misconduct benchmarking research project: Part 1. The range and spread of penalties. Available for Student Plagiarism among UK Higher Education Institutions. http://archive.plagiarismadvice.org/documents/amber/FinalReport.pdf

  • Thomas, M. (2013). Admission as a lawyer: The fearful spectre of academic integrity. QUT Law Review, 13(1), 73–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, L. K., den Nieuwenboer, N. A., & Kish-Gephart, J. J. (2014). (Un)ethical behavior in organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 635–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turow, S. (1988). Why competence isn’t enough. Student Lawyer, 17(4), 46–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • UoN. (2014). University of Newcastle Australia. Code of conduct. http://www.newcastle.edu.au/policy/000059.html

  • Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 41(1), 19–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., Schmeichel, B. J., Twenge, J. M., Nelson, N. M., & Tice, D. M. (2008). Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: A limited resource account of decision making, self-regulation, and active initiative. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 883–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weckstein, D. T. (1974–1975). Watergate and the law schools. San Diego Law Review, 12. p. 261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolley, A. (2014). Legal education reform and the good lawyer. Alberta Law Review, 51, 801–818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyburn, M. (2008). Disclosure of prior student academic misconduct in admission to legal practice: Lessons for universities and the courts. QUTLJJ, 8(2), 314–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyburn, M. (2009). The confusion in defining plagiarism in legal education and legal practice in Australia. Journal of Commonwealth Law and Legal Education, 7(1), 37–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Colin James .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this entry

Cite this entry

James, C. (2016). Academic Integrity in Legal Education. In: Bretag, T. (eds) Handbook of Academic Integrity. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-098-8_44

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics