The Relationship Between Xinjiang’s Late Prehistoric Archaeological Cultures and Other World Cultures

Wu, Guo

doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6889-1_3

Guo Wu⁶

124 Accesses
1 Citations

Abstract

In addition to special topics and sporadic studies, when discussing the relationship between prehistoric culture of Xinjiang and the outside world, this chapter mainly discusses materials from the end of the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, while cultural relations earlier than this period have been discussed in detail in the previous chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

eBook: USD 16.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 129.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 129.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1998).
2.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2005).
3.
People’s Government of Wenquan County (2009).
4.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Urumqi Cultural Relics Management Office (2010).
5.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Urumqi Cultural Relics Management Office (2010).
6.
Li (2000, pp. 256–257); Li (2002; 2003).
7.
Yusuf and Anival (2005); Bo (2008).
8.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Yili Prefecture Cultural Relics Bureau, Nileke County Cultural Relics Management Office (2008).
9.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Northwest University Cultural Heritage and Archaeology Research Center, Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Cultural Relics Bureau (2007).
10.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Regional Cultural Administration (1996); Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Regional Cultural Administration (1997).
11.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1989).
12.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Regional Cultural Administration (1996).
13.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1993); Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Turpan Regional Museum (1994); Yang (1991).
14.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Regional Cultural Administration (1996).
15.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Management Office Urumqi (2010).
16.
Chen (2001).
17.
Guo (1999; 2002; 2003).
18.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1996).
19.
Shao and Wang et al. (1990).
20.
Yang (1999).
21.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Bureau of Turpan Region (2004a; 2004b; 2004c).
22.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1997).
23.
Lu (1999).
24.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Center of Hejing County (1994).
25.
Xinjiang Museum, Bazhou Cultural Relics Management Office, Qiemo Cultural Center (1998).
26.
Xinjiang Museum, Bazhou Cultural Relics Management Office, Qiemo Cultural Center: Qiemo Zhagunluke Cemetery No. 1, Xinjiang Cultural Relics 1998; Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Bureau of Turpan Region (2004a).
27.
Bureau of Cultural Relics Administration of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, Xinjiang Xintian International Economic and Technical Cooperation Company Limited (1999).
28.
Bergman (1939).
29.
Institute of Archaeology, Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences (1981a).
30.
Chen (1998a).
31.
Cui and Hui (2003).
32.
Cultural Relics Census Office of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Cultural Relics Census Team of Kashi (1993).
33.
Cultural Relics Team of the Cultural Relics Management Office of Kashi (2002).
34.
Wang (2002).
35.
Xinjiang Museum, Bazhou Cultural Relics Management Office, Qiemo Cultural Center (1998).
36.
Lin (2004).
37.
Su (1994).
38.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1996).
39.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Urumqi Cultural Relics Management Office (2010).
40.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Urumqi Cultural Relics Management Office (2010).
41.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1995d).
42.
Yang (2007).
43.
Institute of Archaeology, Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences (1981a).
44.
Mei (2006).
45.
Shui (1993; 2001).
46.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Prefecture Cultural Administration (1996); Gansu Provincial Museum Cultural Relics Task Force (1978).
47.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Bureau of Turpan Region (2004a); Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1992).
48.
Shui (2001).
49.
Yang (1991).
50.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Prefecture Cultural Administration (1997); Liu (1992); Tian and Guo (1986).
51.
Li (1994).
52.
Li (1994).
53.
Pu (1990).
54.
Andersson (1943); An (1925).
55.
Li (1994).
56.
Li and Zhang (2011); Li and Tao (2002).
57.
Cultural Relics Management Committee of Tibet Autonomous Region (1964).
58.
Hu (2006).
59.
Tong (1987); Tong (1998).
60.
白鳥芳郎 (1976); Zengqi (1984; 1987; 1991); Chiou and Peng (1998).
61.
Kaiyu (1992).
62.
Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming Museum, Guandu District Museum (2005).
63.
Cugunov et al. (2006).
64.
Rudenko (1970).
65.
Korolkova (2000).
66.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Bureau of Cultural Heritage of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture (2006).
67.
Liu (2009).
68.
Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Yuxi Institute of Cultural Relics Aadministration, Jiangchuan County Bureau of Cultural Relics (2007).
69.
Chen (1998a; 1998b; 1998c).
70.
Yunnan Museum (1959).
71.
Yunnan Provincial Museum (1975).
72.
Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Yuxi Cultural Relics Management Institute, Jiangchuan County Cultural Bureau (2007).
73.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2002).
74.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Changji Cultural Administration Institute, Jimsal-County Cultural Administration Institute (1994).
75.
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, Aksu Cultural Institute, Wenju Cultural Center (1986).
76.
Xiaoshan and Bo (2008).
77.
Koryakova et al. (2007).
78.
Gratsh (1980); Grjaznov (1984); Kenk (1986); Mandelshtam (1992); MannajOol (1970); Savinov (1992); Semenov (1992a; 1992b); Tshlenova (1997).
79.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Changji Cultural Administration Institute, Jimusaer-County Cultural Administration Institute (1994); Lin (2000, 2004).
80.
Wang (1986).
81.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1999a, 1999b).
82.
Kimball et al. (1995).
83.
Xinjiang Team, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Xinjiang Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Cultural Administration Office (1991).
84.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1990); Mu and Wang (1985); Liu (1992).
85.
Jian (2004).
86.
Institute of Archaeology, Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences (1981b).
87.
Guo (2004).
88.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Bureau of Turpan Region (2004a).
89.
Xinjiang Museum, Bazhou Cultural Relics Management Office, Qiemo Cultural Center (1998).
90.
Parzinger (2006).
91.
Dani and Masson (2002).
92.
Parzinger (2006).
93.
Institute of Archaeology, Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences (1981b).
94.
Akishev (1983).
95.
Guo (1999).
96.
Kossack (1994).
97.
Volkov (1995).
98.
Chilenova (1994).
99.
Členova (1994).
100.
A. Иecceи, Ηekotopыe пaмятники VIII VII вв. Дo н.э. нa Ceвepнoм Кaвкaзe, Boпpocы cкиФocapмaтcкoй apxeoлoгии, Mocквa, 1954, c. 124, Pиc. 13. 高浜秀: 「ソ連における先スキタイ文化の研究」,『オリエント』第22巻第2号, 1980年.
101.
Wenjie (1993); Wang and Qi (1996); Guo (1999).
102.
Дeмидeнкo (2008).
103.
Čugunov et al. (2006, 2010).
104.
雪嶋宏一 (1995).
105.
Guo (2002).
106.
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Bazhou Cultural Administration (1988); Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1995d).
107.
Xinjiang Turfan Research Institute, Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2011).
108.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2003).
109.
Kovalev (1998).
110.
Wu (2009a; 2009b).
111.
Huiqiu and Yang (2006).
112.
Wang (1996).
113.
Bokovenko, N. A. Asian Influence on European Scythia, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, Vol. 3, No. 1., Leiden: E. j. Brill, pp. 97–112; Renxu (2009a).
114.
Marsadolov (2000).
115.
Bokovenko, N. A. Asian Influence on European Scythia, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, Vol. 3, No. 1., Leiden: E. j. Brill, pp. 97–112; Jian (2004).
116.
Kosiyanenko et al. (1992).
117.
Zhiyong and Lunchang (1995).
118.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1995d).
119.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1995a, 1995b, 1995c, 1995d).
120.
Tulahun (1999).
121.
Kohl (1984).
122.
Zadneprowski (1998).
123.
Frankfurt (1987; 1994).
124.
Duanju (2002).
125.
Mei (2000).
126.
Zhen (1964).
127.
Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology (2006).
128.
Ping and Ge (1991).
129.
Enguo et al. (2001).
130.
Mei (2000).
131.
Askarov et al. (2002).
132.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1999a, 1999b).
133.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1999a, 1999b).
134.
Tulahun (1999).
135.
Shui (1998).
136.
Dani and Masson (2002, pp. 286–292).
137.
Dani and Masson (2002, p. 289).
138.
Dani and Masson (2002, p. 292).
139.
The Archaeological Team of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum (1977).
140.
Parzinger (2006).
141.
Jigen (1993).
142.
Huacheng (1996).
143.
Zhimin (1996).
144.
Xuetang (2004).
145.
Zhongxi (2001).
146.
Yunxiang (2003).
147.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (1989).
148.
Wenying (1997).
149.
Huiqiu (2006).
150.
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1991).
151.
Wagner (2003).
152.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Bureau of Turpan Region (2004a; 2004b; 2004c).
153.
Guo (2007; 2009).
154.
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Northwest University Cultural Heritage and Archaeology Research Center (2009).
155.
Lawergren and Gurney (1987); Lawergren (2003).
156.
Shanghai Museum (2006).
157.
Zichu (1999).
158.
Wang (2003).
159.
Jian (2004).
160.
Yusuf and Hasmu (2001).
161.
Cultural Relics Administration, Xinjiang Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute (1998).
162.
Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology (1989).
163.
Institute of Archaeology, Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences (1981a; 1995).
164.
Egami, Hachio ed. “The Collection of World Archaeology.” (11)II, Heibonsha, Showa 38, p. 109, Pic. 261.
165.
Pope (1981), pp. 869–870.
166.
Pope (1981), pp. 833–834.
167.
Egami, Hachio ed. “The Collection of World Archaeology.” (11)II, Heibonsha, Showa 38, p. 59, Pic. 129.
168.
Ghirshman et al. (1964).
169.
Su (1994).
170.
Meicun (1991; 1995; 1997; 1998a, 1998b; 2000).
171.
Pope (1981); Binghua (1988; 1993).
172.
Masson and Sarianidi (1972).
173.
Masson and Sarianidi (1972).
174.
Anthony (2007).
175.
Koryakova and Epimakhov (2007); Gzelishvili (1964); Vosnesenskaya and Tekhov (1973).
176.
Chernykh (1992).
177.
Guo (1999; 2002).

References

雪嶋宏一. (1995). Steppe Archaeological Communication, (6). (《スキタイの鍑》).
Google Scholar
白鳥芳郎. (1976). The bearer of Shizhai mountain culture: The influence of the Scythian culture seen in Southwest China. Shipeng, (10).
Google Scholar
Дeмидeнкo, C. B. (2008). Бpoнэoвыe Кoтлы Дpeвниx Плeмeн Hиж□нeгo Пoвoлжья и Южнoгo Пpиypaлья, (V.B.ДOH.Э. III B.H.Э), URSS, MOCKBA.
Google Scholar
Akishev, K. ed. (1983). The ancient gold of Kazakhstan, ΑΛΜΑΤЫ·HEP, (pp. 68–71, 78–83, 98–99, 120–123).
Google Scholar
Andersson, J. G. (1943). Researches into the prehistory of the China. In Bulletin of the Museum of the far eastern antiquities, No. 15. Stockholm.
Google Scholar
An, T. (1925). Archaeological records of Gansu. Geological Special Report, No. 5, Type A.
Google Scholar
Anthony, D. W. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language: How bronze age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world (p. 336). Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Askarov, A., Volkov, V., & Serogav, N. (2002). Livestock and nomadic tribes in the early thousand era BCE. Central Asian Civilization History, 1(338).
Google Scholar
Bergman, F. (1939). Archaeology researches in Sinkiang: Especially the lop nor region. Stockholm.
Google Scholar
Binghua, W. (1988). Reproductive worship rock sculptures in Shimenzi, Kangjia, Hutubi County. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2).
Google Scholar
Binghua, W. (1993). A preliminary study of reproductive worship rock paintings in Tian Shan mountains in Xinjiang. In Silk road archaeological research, (pp. 362–411). Xinjiang People’s Publishing House Society.
Google Scholar
Binghua, W. (1996). Ancient corpses in Xinjiang: Ancient Xinjiang residents and their culture, (p. 39). Xinjiang People’s Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Bokovenko, N. A. Asian influence on European Scythia. Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, 3(1), 97–112. E. j. Brill.
Google Scholar
Bureau of cultural relics administration of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, institute of cultural relics and archaeology of Xinjiang uygur autonomous region, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region Museum, Xinjiang Xintian international economic and technical cooperation company limited. (1999). Grand view of Xinjiang cultural relics and historic sites, (p. 117, 0276). Xinjiang Fine Arts Photography Publishing House, Plate.
Google Scholar
Chen, G. (2001). Another archaeological culture in the prehistoric period of Xinjiang—A trial analysis of subeixi culture, Bingqi Su and Contemporary Chinese Archaeology. Science Press.
Google Scholar
Chen, L. (1998a). Study on human bones in Mausoleum in Shanshan and Besi Mausoleum. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (4).
Google Scholar
Chen, L. (1998b). Study on human bones in Tombs in Shanshan Subexi during the Bronze age, (pp. 237–254). Green Fruit Collection edited by Department of Archaeology, Jilin University. Knowledge Press.
Google Scholar
Chen, L. (1998c). Study on human bones in the Tomb of Subeixi in Shanshan. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (4), 65–78.
Google Scholar
Chernykh, E. N. (1992). Ancient metallurgy in the USSR—The early metal age (S. Wright, Trans.) (p. 295). Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Chilenova, H. Л. (1994). Lu shi-tall vertical slab 鹿石 in Mongolia and Siberia. In Silk road on the steppes and central Asian civilization. Xinjiang Art Photography Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Chiou, T., & Peng. (1998). Western Yunnan and its steppe affinities. In The bronze age and early iron age people of eastern central Asia, the institute for the study of man, (pp. 280–304). V. Maired. monograph No. 26.
Google Scholar
Členova, N. L. (1994). On the degree of similarity between material culture components within the ‘Scythian world’. In The archaeology of the steppes methods and Strategies, (pp. 520–521, 524). Napoli. Figs. 1, 2, and 5.
Google Scholar
Cugunov, K. V., Hermann, P., & Anatoli, N. (2006). Der Goldschatz von Aran, Ein Fürstengrab der Skythenzeit in der südsibirischen Steppe. Schirmer/Mosel.
Google Scholar
Čugunov, K. V., Hermann, P., & Anatoli, N. (2010). Der Skythenzeitliche Fürstenkurgan Aran 2 in Tuva. Archologie in Eurasien band 26, steppenvlker Eurasiens band 3, Verlag Philipp Von Zabern.
Google Scholar
Cui, Y., & Zhou, H. (2003). Study on mitochondrial DNA of ancient residents in Xinjiang-Turpan and Luobupor, (pp. 122–123). Jilin University Press.
Google Scholar
Cultural Relics Administration, Xinjiang cultural relics and archaeology institute. (1998). The ancient city of Jiaohe—Archaeological excavation report 1993 and 1994, (p. 68). UNESCO office in China ed. Oriental Publishing House, Pic. 5, 2, 7.
Google Scholar
Cultural Relics Census Office of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Cultural Relics Census Team of Kashi. (1993). Compilation of census data on cultural relics in Kashi, Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (3).
Google Scholar
Cultural Relics Management Committee of Tibet Autonomous Region. (1964). Brief report on cave cleaning of Pengbo Farm in Lhasa, Tibet. Archaeology, (5).
Google Scholar
Cultural Relics Team of the Cultural Relics Management Office of Kashi. (2002). A brief report on the clearance of the Yawuluk site in Kashi city in 2000. In Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 3 and No. 4.
Google Scholar
Dani, H. A., & Masson, M. V. (Eds.). (2002). Central Asian civilization history-dawn of civilization: Ancient times to 700 BC, (Vol. 1, pp. 338–342). (C. Rui, Trans.). China Translation and Publishing Corporation.
Google Scholar
Duanju, X. (2002). Prehistoric archaeology in the Gansu and Qinghai Region, (p. 90). Cultural Relics Publishing House, Pic. 13, 1.
Google Scholar
Egami, H. (Ed.). The collection of world archaeology, (p. 109). (11)II, Heibonsha, Showa 38, Pic. 261.
Google Scholar
Enguo, L., Chang, X., & Wang B. (2001). A brief discussion on the archaeological culture of Xinjiang bronze age. In: Su Bingqi and Contemporary Chinese archaeology, (p. 186). Editor-in-Chief Su Bai, Science Press, Figs. 2–4.
Google Scholar
Frankfurt, H. P. (1987). The archaeological culture of the iron age in central Asia, interpreted by Dai Kolin and compiled by Wang Binghua. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (1).
Google Scholar
Frankfurt, H. P. (1994). Iron age archaeological culture in central Asia. In Prairie silk road and central Asian civilization, (pp. 90–93). Xinjiang Art Photography Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Gansu Provincial Museum Cultural Relics Task Force. (1978). The ‘Yangshan type’ cemetery in Baping, Guanghedi. Journal of Archaeology, (2).
Google Scholar
Ghirshman, R., Stuart, G., & James, E. (1964). Persia: From the origins to Alexander the great, (p. 16). Thames and Hudson, Fig. 14.
Google Scholar
Gratsh, A. D. (1980). Drevnie kotshevniki v centre Azii. Moskva.
Google Scholar
Grjaznov, M. P. (1984). Der Grokurgan von Arzhan in Tuva, Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archologie, 23 Südsibirien.
Google Scholar
Guo, W. (1999). The first biography of bronze Fu-pots in Eurasia. In T. Yu (Ed.) The first series of Eurasian Journal. Zhonghua Book Company.
Google Scholar
Guo, W. (2002). On the origin of Bronze Fu-pots, Chinese archaeology in the 21st century and world archaeology. China Social Sciences Press.
Google Scholar
Guo, W. (2003). The universe in the Fu-pots: Eurasian grassland and the Bronze Fu-pots. Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press.
Google Scholar
Guo, W. (2004). Belief on horseback: The Eurasian steppes animal style art. People’s Fine Arts Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Guo, W. (2007). Discussion on the source of iron smelting techniques in Xinjiang and central plains. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2).
Google Scholar
Gzelishvili, I. A. (1964). Zhelezoplavilnoe proizvodstvo v drevnei Gruzii, (p. 919).
Google Scholar
Guo, W. (2009). From western Asia to the Tian Shan mountains: On the early iron artefacts found in Xinjiang. In J. Mei, & T. Rehren (Eds.) Metallurgy and civilisation: Eurasia and beyond archetype, (pp. 107–115).
Google Scholar
Huacheng, Z. (1996). The discovery of artificial ironware in China before the middle of the 5th century BCE and related issues. In Archaeological relics research-collected works in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the establishment of the archaeology department of northwest university: 1956–1996, (pp. 289–290). Sanqin Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Huiqiu, S. (2006). The stages of Yanbulake cemetery viewed from M75. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2), 84–85.
Google Scholar
Huiqiu, S., & Yang, J. (2006). Discussion on the origin of animal patterns in early Scythian culture and the Eurasian steppes—Talking. The scythians-the origin of Iranian animal patterns. The Western Regions Studies, (4).
Google Scholar
Hu, X. (2006). Comparative study of flowing-edge-jars unearthed in Xinjiang and Tibet. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2). Figs. 10 and 11.
Google Scholar
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. (1991). Data collection of C-14 Cheonology in Chinese archaeology, (p. 319). Cultural Relics Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Bazhou Cultural Administration. (1988). Brief report on the excavation of no. 1 cemetery at Chawuhu Hugoukou in Hejing county. Acta Archaeologica Sinica, (1).
Google Scholar
Institute of Archaeology, Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences. (1981a). Pamirs ancient Tombs. Journal of Archaeology, (2). Figs. 13, 1, 3, 8.
Google Scholar
Institute of Archaeology, Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences. (1981b). Brief report of the excavation of Shu Xue Mu Guan Mu-vertical wooden funeral chamber Tombs in Alagou. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 1.
Google Scholar
Institute of Archaeology, Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences. (1995). New harvests of Xinjiang cultural relics and archaeology (1979–1989), (pp. 147–151). Xinjiang People’s Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Jian, M. (2004). Sayan—Aertai in the 8th–3rd century BCE: Cultural exchange of Eastern Eurasian steppe in the early iron age. Journal of Eurasia, No. 8.
Google Scholar
Jigen, T. (1993). The origin of iron smelting in China. Archaeology, (6).
Google Scholar
Kaiyu, L. (1992). Study on the sarcophagus Tombs in western Sichuan, Yunnan and eastern Tibet. Journal of Archaeology, (4), 419, Figs. 4, 7.
Google Scholar
Kenk, R. (1986). Grabfunde der Skythenzeit aus Tuva, Süd sibirien. Unter Zugrundelegung der Arbeit von A. D. Gratsh. Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archologie, Bd. 24.
Google Scholar
Kimball, J. D., Vladimir, A. B., & Leonid, T. Y. (1995). Nomads of the Eurasian steppes in the early iron age, (p. 229). Zinat Press. Fig. 83.
Google Scholar
Kohl, P. L. (1984). Central Asia palaeolithic beginnings to the iron age (p. 225). Editions Recherche Sur Les Civilisations.
Google Scholar
Korolkova, E. (2000). Ritual vessels of the nomads, the golden deer of Eurasia: Scythian an sarmatian treasures from the Russian steppes. In J. Aruz, A. Farkas, A. Alekseev, & E. Korolkova (Eds.) The state hermitage, Saint Petersburg and the archaeological Museum, Ufa, (pp. 61–64). The Metropolitan Museum of Art & Yale University Press.
Google Scholar
Koryakova, L., & Andrej, V. E. (2007). The urals and western Siberia in the Bronze and iron ages, (p. 290). Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Kosiyanenko, et al. (1992). Unearthed relics from the Salmat Tombs near the Nogradne Manor in the lower Don river. In: Special issue of the 1992 translation of Xinjiang Cultural Relics (Z. Li, Trans.).
Google Scholar
Kossack, G. (1994). Neufunde aus dem Novocherkassker Formenkreis und ihre Bedeutung für die Geschichte steppenbezogener Reitervlker der sp□ten Bronzezeit. II Mare Nero 1.
Google Scholar
Kovalev, A. (1998). Berlegangeu zur Herkunft der skythen aufgrund archologischer Daten. Eurasia Antiqua, (4), 247–271.
Google Scholar
Lawergren, B., & Gurney, O. R. (1987). Sound holes and geometrical figures, clues to the terminology of ancient mesopotamian harps. Iraq, 49, 37–52. Fig. 6, Pl. Xa.
Google Scholar
Lawergren, B. (2003). Western Influences on the early Chinese Qin Zither, bulletin of the Museum of the far eastern antiquities, Stockholm. Bulletin, 75, 89–91.
Google Scholar
Li, S. (1994). Study of Shajing culture. Studies of Chinese Classics, 2, 403–512.
Google Scholar
Li, S. (2000). The collision and exchange of eastern and western cultures in the 2000s B.C. In Archaeological discoveries, the gift of culture-proceedings of the international conference on sinology. Archaeological Volume, Peking University Press. (李水城: 《从考古发现看公元前二千纪东西方文化的碰撞与交流》, 《文化的馈赠——汉学研究国际会议论文集》考古卷, 北京大学出版社, 2000年).
Google Scholar
Li, S. (2002). Interaction between early copper smelting industry and regional culture in northwest China, Turfan Studies, (2). (《中国西北地区早期冶铜业及区域文化的互动》, 《吐鲁番学研究》2002年第2期.).
Google Scholar
Li, S. (2003). Ancient interactions in Eurasia and northwest China: Revisiting Johan Gunnar Andersson’s legacy.” Bulletin of the Museum of the Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Bulletin. (75), 930.
Google Scholar
Li, X., & Yongbing, Z. (2011). The collected materials from the Yanghai cemetery in Shanshan from 2003 to 2004. Research on Turfan Studies, (1). Figs. 4, 1.
Google Scholar
Li, S., & Tao, S. (2002). Western Hexi corridor in the 1th millennium BCE. In: Mr. Su Bai’s eighth-rank birthday commemoration collection. Cultural Relics Publishing House, Pics. 2 and 4.
Google Scholar
Lin, M. (2000). Who is the owner of the pyramid-shaped tomb in the deep mountains of Aertai, Gudaoxifeng—Cultural exchange between China and the west as seen in new archaeological discoveries. Sanlian Bookstore.
Google Scholar
Lin, M. (2004). The large stone Tombs of the Altai mountains and Tian Shan. In: The second series of Eurasian studies. Serial notes on the silk road, (pp. 1–19). People’s Fine Arts Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Liu, H. (1992). Bronze Plaque with Tiger and Sheep pattern unearthed in Aiyu Lake Pankan, Turpan: On the influence of Ordos-style bronzes in the western regions. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2).
Google Scholar
Liu, Y. (2009). Han dynasty Jade unearthed in Shaanxi, pp. 266–269. Cultural Relics Publishing House, Zhongzhi Fine Arts Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Lu, E. (1999). Chawuhu culture research. Joint issure of Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (3–4).
Google Scholar
Mandelshtam, A. M. (1992). Rannie kotshevniki skifskogo perioda na territorii Tuvy. In: SPAC, (pp. 178–196).
Google Scholar
MannajOol, M. C. (1970). Tuva v skifskoe vremja. Moskva.
Google Scholar
Marsadolov, L. (2000). The cimmerian tradition of the Gordion Tumuli (Phrygia): Found in the Altai barrow (Bashadar, Pazyryk), Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and iron age (pp. 247–258). The Basingstoke Press.
Google Scholar
Masson, V. M., & Sarianidi, V. I. (1972). Central Asia: Turkmenia before the achaemenids, (pp. 155–169). Thame and Hudson.
Google Scholar
Meicun, L. (1991). The discovery of bactria-one of the sixteen kingdoms (During the Jin dynasty) golden treasures and its significance to the archaeological research of the dayueshi. Cultural Relics World, (6), 44–48.
Google Scholar
Meicun, L. (1995). Western civilization-archeology, ethnicity, language and religion, (pp. 270–274). Oriental Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Meicun, L. (1997). The tocharians and the Dragon Tribe. The Western Regions Studies, (1), 11–20.
Google Scholar
Meicun, L. (1998a). Han and Tang western regions and Chinese civilization, (pp. 70–86). Cultural Relics Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Meicun, L. (1998b). A textual research on the god of Tuhuolao. In Yuan, X. (Ed.) Studies in Chinese Studies (Vol. 5, pp. 1–26). Peking University Press.
Google Scholar
Meicun, L. (2000). Ancient west wind: Cultural exchanges between China and the west from new archaeological discoveries, (pp. 25–28). Sanlian Bookstore.
Google Scholar
Mei, J. (2006). Several issues concerning early research on bronze mirrors unearthed in Xinjiang. In Turpan studies: Proceedings of the second international symposium on Turpan studies, (pp. 246–251). Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Mei, J. (2000). Copper and bronze metallurgy in late prehistoric Xinjiang. Its cultural context and relationship with neighboring regions, (p. 75). BAR International Series 865.
Google Scholar
Mu, S., & Mingzhe, W. (1985). Archaeology culture of ancient ethnics in Xinjiang, artefacts of ancient ethinics in Xinjiang, (pp. 1–22). Cultural Relics Publishing House. Figs. 160 and 161.
Google Scholar
Parzinger, H. (2006). Die Frühen Vlker Eurasiens: Vom Neolithikum bis zum Mittelalter, (pp. 7–23). Verlag C. H. Beck oHG, München. Figs. 227, 18.
Google Scholar
People’s Government of Wenquan County. (2009). Ancient grassland civilization in Wenquan (Various important archaeological reports in Wenquan county). Xinjiang Electronic Audiovisual Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Ping, Z., & Chen, G. (1991). Stone knives, stone sickles, and bronze sickles found in Xinjiang. Archaeology and Cultural Relics, (1).
Google Scholar
Pope, A. U. (1981). A survey of persian art, II, (pp. 833–834). Sopa, Ashiya, New York.
Google Scholar
Pu, C. (1990). Yongchang triangle city and Toad Dun Shajing cultural relics. Journal of Archaeology, (1).
Google Scholar
Renxu, J. (2009a). The origin and spread of bronze helmets in the upper culture of Xiajiadian. In: Ordos bronze international symposium collections. Science Press.
Google Scholar
Rudenko, S. I. (1970). Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The pazyryk burials of iron age horsemen, (Pl. 65).
Google Scholar
Savinov, D. G. (1992). Rekonstrukcija pogrebalnogo kompleksa kurgana Arzhan, ego komponenty i analogii. In: Severnaja Evrazija ot drevnosti do srednevekovja. Tezisy konferencii k 90 letiju so dnja rozhdenija Michaila Petrovitsha Grjaznova. Otv. red. V. M. Masson (pp. 108–112). Archeologitsheskie izyskanija 2, Sankt Peterburg.
Google Scholar
Semenov, V. A. (1992a). Voinskie pogrebenija rannich kotshevnikov Tuvy. In: Archeologitsheskie vesti, (Vol. 1, pp. 116–125). St. Peterburg.
Google Scholar
Semenov, V. A. (1992b). Kurgan Arzhan—Prostranstvennaja kartina mira i ceremonialnyj centr rannich kotshevnikov Tuvy. In: Severnaja Evrazija ot drevnosti do srednevekovja. Tezisy konferencii k 90 letiju so dnja rozhdenija Michaila Petrovitsha Grjaznova, (pp. 112–114). Otv. red. V. M. Masson, Archeologitsheskie izyskanija, 2, Sankt Peterburg.
Google Scholar
Shanghai Museum (Ed.). (2006). Art and empire-Assyrian treasures from the British Museum, (p. 49). Shanghai Museum.
Google Scholar
Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology. (2006). Lingshi Jingjie Shang Tomb, (p. 91, Pic. 100; p. 80, Pic. 87). Science Press.
Google Scholar
Shao, X., & Bo, W., et al. (1990). Study on the skull of Baozidong M41 ancient Tomb. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (1).
Google Scholar
Shui, T. (1993). Comparison of different cultures in the bronze age in Xinjiang: A commentary on the historical process of early cultural exchanges between China and the west, (Vol. 1, p. 188). Chinese Studies. Peking University Press. Fig. 5.
Google Scholar
Shui, T. (1998). On the relationship between the Tarim and Fergana basins in the Bronze age. In: V. H. Mair (Ed.) The bronze age and early iron age people of eastern central Asia, (Vol. II, pp. 167–168) The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications.
Google Scholar
Shui, T. (2001). A collection of bronze age archaeology in northwest China, (pp. 24–29, p. 188). Science Press.
Google Scholar
Su, B. (1994). Xinjiang rock paintings, (p. 559). Xinjiang Art Photography Publishing House.
Google Scholar
The Archaeological Team of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum. (1977). Investigation of neolithic sites in Aketala, Shufu County, Xinjiang. Archaeology, (2).
Google Scholar
Tian, G., & Guo, S. (1986). Ordos-style bronzes, (p. 90, Pics. 59: 3, 4). Cultural Relics Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Tong, E. (1987). On the half-moon-shaped cultural transmission belt of China from the Northeast to the Southwest. In Collections of cultural relics and archaeology. Cultural Relics Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Tong, E. (1998). Southern civilization. Chongqing Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Tshlenova, N. L. (1997). Centralnaja Azija i skify. I. Data kurgana Arzhan i ego mesto v sisteme kultur skifskogo mira. Moskva.
Google Scholar
Tulahun, T. (1999). The archaeological culture of the late bronze age and early iron age in Central Asia. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (3–4).
Google Scholar
Volkov, V. V. (1995). Early nomads of Mongolia. In: J. D. Kimball, V. A. Bashilov, & L. T. Yablonsky (Eds.), Nomads of the Eurasian steppes in the early iron age, (p. 330). Zinat Press.
Google Scholar
Vosnesenskaya, G. A., & Tekhov, B. V. (1973). Tekhnologiya proizvodstva kuznechnykh izdelii iz Tliiskogo mogilnika (XVI vv.do n.e.). Sovetskaya arkheologiya.
Google Scholar
Wagner, D. B. (2003). The earliest use of iron in China. Bulletin of the Museum of the Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Bulletin, (75), 130.
Google Scholar
Wang, B. (1986). Several batches of copper ware found in eastern Xinjiang. Archaeology, Series 10, Fig. 2 and 3.
Google Scholar
Wang, B. (1996). China’s Altai mountain grassland cultural relics. Xinjiang Art Photography Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Wang, B. (2008). Study of stone mills in archaeological discoveries in Xinjiang. Researches on Turfan Studies, (2).
Google Scholar
Wang, B. (2002). A preliminary study of hand-made black coated pottery unearthed in Xinjiang. Western Regions Studies, (3).
Google Scholar
Wang, B. (2003). Xinjiang Zhagunluke Konghou 箜篌 (an ancient plucked stringed instrument), Cultural Relics, (2).
Google Scholar
Wang, B., & Qi, S. (1996). Analysis of bronze Fu-pots unearthed in Xinjiang and their Clan-Also on the Bronze Fu-pots on the steppes of Asia and Europe. In: Study on the stone men on the silk road steppes, (pp. 276–294). Xinjiang People’s Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Wenjie, C. (1993). Collection of Tingzhou cultural relics. Xinjiang Art Photography Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Wenying, L. (1997). Single burial and joint burial relations and related issues in the Hami Yanbulake cemetery. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, 2, 27.
Google Scholar
Wu, G. (2009b). White Tiger Canxiu-constellations and Astrology 参宿 and the Eurasian steppes. In: Collection one of frontier ethnic archaeology and ethnic archaeology. Cultural Relics Press.
Google Scholar
Wu, G. (2009a). Turning lips beast: Griffin of the east. Eurasian Studies Journal, No. 9. China Book Company.
Google Scholar
Xiaoshan, Q., & Bo, W. (2008). The silk road, ancient culture of Xinjiang, (p. 63). Xinjiang People’s Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology. (1989). Brief report on cleaning Yanghai and Dalangkaner ancient group cemeteries. Xinjiang Cultrual Relics, No. 4. p. 39, Pic. 6.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1989). Xinjiang Hami Yanbulake cemetery. Journal of Archaeology, No. 3.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1990). Two batches of copperware newly discovered in Banfanggou, Urumqi. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (4).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1995a). Suodunbulake ancient Tombs in Qapqal county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2), 24. Pic. 1, 3, 14.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1995b). Brief report on the excavation of the Kulansarike cemetery in Aheqi county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, 2.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1995c). New findings of cultural relics and archaeology of Xinjiang (1979–1989), (p. 238). Xinjiang People’s Publishing House. Figs. 17 and 4.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1992). Tombs No. 151 and 152 at Wubao cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (3).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1993). Bulletin on the excavation of Shanshan Subeixi No. 1 cemetery. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 4.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1995d). Suodunbulake ancient Tombs in Qapqal county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1996). Excavation report of ancient Tomb in Anjihai village, Bayingou ranch, Wusu county, 1995. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (4).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1997). Ancient tombs at Dalongkou, Jimusaer county, Xinjiang. Archaeology, (9).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1998). Report on the excavation of ancient Tombs in Chaiwopu, Urumqi. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 1.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1999a). Report on the excavation of large clan cemetery in Chawuhu, Xinjiang, (p. 103). Oriental Publishing House. Pic. 72, 9.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (1999b). Report on the excavation of large clan cemetery in Chawuhu, Xinjiang, (p. 219). Oriental Publishing House. Pic. 1, 6, 5, 4, and 8.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (2002). Archaeology report of No. 1, Poor Koke cemetery, Nilak county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, 3(4).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (2003). Report on the archaeological excavation of the Xiaohe cemeteries. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (2005). Cultural relics protection management office of Wenquan county: Report of cultural relics survey in Wenquan county, Bortala autonomous region in 2005. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 4.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Bureau of Cultural Heritage of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture. (2006). Summary of Tomb excavation at the northern foot of the Galexkainte mountain in Nilek county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 3 and 4, Figs. 8 and 60.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Changji Cultural Administration Institute, Jimsal-County Cultural Administration Institute. (1994). Ancient Tombs in Dalong Mouth, Jimsal-County. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 4.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Prefecture Cultural Administration. (1996). Brief report on the excavation of Hanqigou cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2), Figs. 4, 10.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Prefecture Cultural Administration. (1997). Brief report on excavation of Hanqigou cemetery in Hami City, Xinjiang. Archaeology, (9).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Regional Cultural Administration. (1996a). Xinjiang Hami Hanqigou cemetery excavation bulletin. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 2, Fig. 3.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Regional Cultural Administration. (1996b). Bulletin on the excavation of Hanqigou cemetery in Hami, Xinjiang. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 2, Figs. 4, 10.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Regional Cultural Administration. (1996c). Xinjiang Hami Hanqigou cemetery excavation bulletin. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 2.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hami Regional Cultural Administration. (1997). Xinjiang Hami Hanqigou cemetery excavation bulletin. Archaeology, No. 9.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Center of Hejing County. (1994). Cleaning up a destroyed Tomb in the west of Chawuhu Rut, Hejing county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (1).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Northwest University Cultural Heritage and Archaeology Research Center. (2009). Brief report on the excavation of Mogou Qijia cultural cemetery in Lintan, Gansu. Cultural Relics, (10).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Northwest University Cultural Heritage and Archaeology Research Center, Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Cultural Relics Bureau. (2007). Bulletin on the excavation of the Garexkayent cemetery in Nilek county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (3).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Turpan Regional Museum. (1994). The No. 3 cemetery of Subeixi Tombs in Shanshan county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 2.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Bureau of Turpan Region. (2004a). Brief report on excavation of Yanghai cemetery I in Shanshan county. Brief report on excavation of Yanghai cemetery II in Shanshan county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 1. (《鄯善县洋海一号墓地发掘简报》均见《新疆文物》2004a年第1期).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Bureau of Turpan Region. (2004b). Brief report on excavation of Yanghai cemetery II in Shanshan county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 1. (《鄯善县洋海二号墓地发掘简报均见《新疆文物》2004b年第1期.)
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Bureau of Turpan Region. (2004c). Brief report on excavation of Yanghai cemetery III in Shanshan county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 1. (《鄯善县洋海三号墓地发掘简报》均见《新疆文物》2004c年第1期).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Museum, Bazhou Cultural Relics Management Office, Qiemo Cultural Center. (1998). Qiemo Zhagunluke cemetery No. 1. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (4).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Urumqi Cultural Relics Management Office. (2010). Brief report on the excavation of the Saenzai cemetery in Urumqi. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (2). (新疆文物考古研究所、乌鲁木齐市文物管理所: 乌鲁木齐市萨恩萨伊墓地发掘简报》, 《新疆文物》2010年第2期.)
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Yili Prefecture Cultural Relics Bureau, Nileke County Cultural Relics Management Office. (2008). Bulletin of archaeological excavation at Karasu site in Nilek county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (3–4).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Team, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Xinjiang Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Cultural Administration Office. (1991). Excavation of the 1991. Second and third excavation bulletin of Qunbake ancient cemeteries in Luntai, Xinjiang. Archaeology, 8.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Turfan Research Institute, Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. (2011). Report on excavation of Yanghai cemetery in Shanshan, Xinjiang. Acta Archaeologica Sinica, (1).
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, Aksu Cultural Institute, Wenju Cultural Center. (1986). Investigation and excavation of Baozidong Tomb complex in Wensu county. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 2.
Google Scholar
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, Turpan Regional Institute of Cultural Management. (1982). Ancient Tomb cemetery in Aiding Lake, Turpan, Xinjiang. Archaeology, No. 4. p. 269, Pic 7.
Google Scholar
Xuetang, Liu. (April 2 2004). “The Origin of Chinese Iron Smelting,” China Cultural Relics News.
Google Scholar
Yang, L. (2007). Mountain-pattern bronze mirror discovered in Manas county. Xinjiang Culture Relics. (杨丽琴,《玛纳斯县出土的山字纹铜镜》,《新疆文物》, 2007年第 2 期.)
Google Scholar
Yang, Y. (1991). A view on the relationship between ancient cultures in eastern Xinjiang from pottery ears. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 2.
Google Scholar
Yang, Y. (1999). Discussion on the complexity of ancient Xinjiang culture and related issues. In: A joint issue of Xinjiang Cultural Relics. No. 3 and No. 4.
Google Scholar
Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Yuxi Cultural Relics Management Institute, Jiangchuan County Cultural Bureau. (2007). Jiangchuan Lijiashan—The second excavation report, (p. 222). Cultural Relics Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Yunnan Museum. (1959). Report on the excavation of ancient Tombs in Shizhai Mountain, Jinning. Yunnan Cultural Relics Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming Museum, Guandu District Museum. (2005). Kunming Yangfutou cemetery, Science Press.
Google Scholar
Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Yuxi Institute of Cultural RelicsAadministration, Jiangchuan County Bureau of Cultural Relics. (2007). Jiangchuan Lijiashan—The second excavation report. Cultural Relics Publishing House, Atlas 933, 3, Figs. 77, 78.
Google Scholar
Yunxiang, B. (2003). China’s early ironware and the origin of iron smelting. In: T. Li & C. Xi (Eds.), Collection-celebrating Mr. An Zhimin’s 80th birthday, (p. 308). Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
Google Scholar
Yusuf, I., & Anival, H. (2001). Ancient musical instrument-Konghou. The Western Regions Studies, (2).
Google Scholar
Yusuf, I., & Hasmu, A. (2005). Exploring the history of Xinjiang stone mills from archaeological discoveries. Research on Turfan Studies, (2).
Google Scholar
Zadneprowski, L. A. (Ю. A. Зaднeпpoвcкий). (1998). Fergana’s cai tao-colored pottery 彩陶 culture (L. Wensuo, Trans.). Xinjiang Cultural Relics, (1).
Google Scholar
Zengqi, Z. (1984). Issues on the ethnicity of a group of figures on bronzeware from Shizhai Mountain, Jinning. Archaeology and Cultural Relics, (4).
Google Scholar
Zengqi, Z. (1987). The ‘Animal pattern’ ornaments in the bronze age of Yunnan and relics of northern grassland culture. Archaeology, (9).
Google Scholar
Zengqi, Z. (1991). Revisiting the influence and disseminators of the ‘Scythian culture’ in the Yunnan bronze age. In The collection of Yunnan bronze culture. Yunnan People’s Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Zhen, W. (1964). Several Neolithic sites in eastern Xinjiang. Archaeology, No. 7.
Google Scholar
Zhimin, A. (1996). Bronze cultural relics in and around the Tarim basin. Archaeology, (12).
Google Scholar
Zhiyong, Y., & Lunchang, Y. (1995). Investigation of ancient relics of the fubei farm infrastructure team in Fukang county, Xinjiang. Xinjiang Cultural Relics, No. 1, Pic. 7, 2.
Google Scholar
Zhongxi, Z. (2001). A textual research on the beginning of iron smelting in ancient China and the use of iron by Qin people. Longyou Cultural Museum, (1).
Google Scholar
Zichu, W. (1999). Study on the form, structure and restoration of Zhagunlu Konghou 箜篌 (an ancient plucked stringed instrument) in Qiemo. Cultural Relics, (7).
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
Guo Wu

Authors

Guo Wu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wu, G. (2023). The Relationship Between Xinjiang’s Late Prehistoric Archaeological Cultures and Other World Cultures. In: Archaeological Research on the Societies of Late Prehistoric Xinjiang, Vol 2. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6889-1_3

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6889-1_3
Published: 23 November 2022
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-6888-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-6889-1
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics