Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Heavy Metal Adsorbent of Carbon from Sago Liquid Biowaste for Sustainable Technology

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Separation Technology

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering ((LNME))

Abstract

Sarawak is one of the world’s largest exporter of sago flour, from which the processing leads to a generation of biowaste in a significant amount. Thus, utilization of the biowaste is crucial to create a zero-waste sago processing industry. In this work, the heavy metal adsorbent was prepared from sago activated sludge via microwave technology. Sago effluent was treated via an activated sludge process to produce biomass, followed by microwave pyrolysis and chemical activation using NaOH. The efficiency of the adsorbent for adsorption of Cr, Pb and Zn in aqueous solution was studied at pH 2, contact time (24 h), adsorbent dosage (0.2–1 g/50 mL), and initial concentration (5–25 mg/L). Physicochemical analyses showed that the adsorbent has an average pore size of 36.29 µm and BET surface area of 471.1 m2/g. The maximum removal of heavy metals was: Pb (89.8%), Cr (47.0%) and Zn (18.4%) at adsorbent dosage (1 g/50 mL), initial concentration (5 mg/L), mixing speed (150 rpm) and contact time (24 h). The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm studies showed that Qe for Pb removal by sludge activated carbon was 3.202 × 10–3 mg/g. The results indicated the potential application of sago activated carbon for the removal of heavy metals, especially Pb from wastewater. Further isotherm study for the occurrence of chemisorptions process could be beneficial, which at the same creating a zero-waste sago processing industry for sustainable technology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wahi R, Zuhaidi NFQ, Yusof Y, Jamel J, Kanakaraju D, Ngaini Z (2017) Chemically treated microwave-derived biochar: an overview. Biomass Bioenergy 107:411–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.08.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Rajan Y, Ngaini Z, Wahi R (2019) Novel adsorbent from sago-grafted silica for removal of methylene blue. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16(8):4531–4542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1389-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ngaini Z, Noh F, Wahi R (2014) Esterified sago waste for engine oil removal in aqueous environment. Environ Technol 35(22):2761–2766. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.920051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ngaini Z, Wahi R, Abang Kamaluddin DH, Mohd Yusoff NA (2014) Modified sago waste for oil adsorption. Pertanika J Sci Technol 22(1):153–161

    Google Scholar 

  5. Wahi R, Chuah AL, Nourouzi MM, Ngaini Z, Choong-Shean-Yaw T (2017) Utilization of esterified sago bark fibre waste for removal of oil from palm oil mill effluent. Int J Chem Eng 5(1):170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.11.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ngaini Z, Azlin ARKA, Nazlina S, Hasnain H, Norhaizat S, Teng JX, Lawai V (2013) Production of fire-retardant sound-absorbing panels from sago waste. J Trop For Sci 25(4):510–515

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ngaini Z, Noh F, Wahi R (2018) Facile sorbent from esterified cellulosic sago waste for engine oil removal in marine environment. Int J Environ Sci Technol 15(2):341–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1389-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Banu JR, Kaliappan S, Dieter B (2006) Treatment of sago wastewater using hybrid anaerobic reactor. Water Qual Res J Can 41:56–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Abd Rashid W, Musa H, Wong SK, Bujang K (2010) The potential of extended aeration system for sago effluent treatment. Am J Appl Sci 7:616–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ayyasamy PM, Banuregha R, Vivekanandhan G, Rajakumar S, Yasodha R, Lee S, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P (2008) Bioremediation of sago industry effluent and its impact on seed germination (green gram and maize). World J Microb Biot 24:2677–2684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-008-9796-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gerardi MH (2006) Wastewater bacteria. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, New Jersey

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. Lehmann J, Joseph S (2009) Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology. Earthscan Ltd., London

    Google Scholar 

  13. Demirbas A, Arin G (2002) An overview of biomass pyrolysis. Energy Sources 24:411–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310252889979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Miura M, Kaga H, Sakurai A, Kakuchi T, Takahashi K (2004) Rapid pyrolysis of wood block by microwave heating. J Anal Appl Pyrol 71:187–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00087-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Wahi R, Senghie H (2007) The use of microwave derived activated carbon for removal of heavy metal in aqueous solution. J Sci Tech 17:97–108

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wahi R, Ngaini Z, Jok VU (2009) Removal of mercury, lead and copper from aqueous solution by activated carbon of palm oil empty fruit bunch. World Appl Sci J 5:84–91

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gerardi MH (2002) Nitrification and denitrification in the activated sludge process. Wiley-Interscience, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. Makshut NA, Ngaini Z, Wahi W, Hussain H, Mahmut NI, Bahrin NQ (2020) Nano-sized absorbent from pyrolysed sago activated sludge for removal of Pb (II) from aqueous solution. Pertanika J Sci Technol 28(3):893–916

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pechyen C, Atong D, Aht-Ong D, Viboon S (2007) Investigation of pyrolyzed chars from physic nut waste for the preparation of activated carbon. J Solid Mech 1498–1507.https://doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.1.498

  20. Rao MM, Rao GPC, Seshaiah K, Choudary NV, Wang MC (2008) Activated carbon from Ceiba pentandra hulls, an agricultural waste, as an adsorbent in the removal of lead and zinc from aqueous solutions. J Waste Manag 28:849–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Malik R, Ramteke DS, Wate SR (2007) Adsorption of malachite green on groundnut shell waste based powdered activated carbon. J Waste Manag 27:1129–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.06.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Salam OEA, Reiad NA, Elshafei MM (2011) A study of the removal characteristics of heavy metals from wastewater by low-cost adsorbents. J Adv Res 2:297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2011.01.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Qian Q, Machida M, Tatsumoto H (2007) Textural and surface chemical characteristics of activated carbons prepared from cattle manure compost. J Waste Manag 98(2):353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.03.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Tun Openg Sago Research Chair (F07/TOC/1742/2018)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Zainab Ngaini, Rafeah Wahi, Hasnain Hussain, Nurul Qhalila Bahrin & Nur Hanani Hasana

Authors
  1. Zainab Ngaini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rafeah Wahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hasnain Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nurul Qhalila Bahrin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nur Hanani Hasana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zainab Ngaini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Technology Malaysia, Bahru, Malaysia

    Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini

  2. University of Technology Malaysia, Bahru, Malaysia

    Mazura Jusoh

  3. University of Technology Malaysia, Bahru, Malaysia

    Norasikin Othman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Ngaini, Z., Wahi, R., Hussain, H., Bahrin, N.Q., Hasana, N.H. (2021). Heavy Metal Adsorbent of Carbon from Sago Liquid Biowaste for Sustainable Technology. In: Zaini, M.A.A., Jusoh, M., Othman, N. (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Separation Technology. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0742-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0742-4_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-16-0741-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-16-0742-4

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation