Abstract
The production of oil from microalgae has tremendous potential for reducing environmental problems generated using conventional fossil fuels. The present barrier for industrial-scale lipid production from algal biomass for biofuel application comes from the high extraction cost which is usually performed after drying the biomass. The lipid extraction cost can be significantly reduced if the extraction is performed directly on wet biomass. The lipid recovery from the wet biomass at the present state is very low to be competitive at large-scale application. Due to the high moisture content, a pretreatment of wet biomass is needed prior to the lipid extraction to increase the overall oil recovery. There are different pretreatments (e.g., high-pressure homogenization, ultrasound sonication, microwave irradiation, etc.) that can be used to disrupt the robust cell wall of microalgae prior to the oil extraction. Sometimes, both the pretreatment and lipid extraction can be performed using the same apparatus to reduce the overall production cost. The process economy and the cost of lipid extraction of different pretreatment methods need to be assessed carefully before considering its commercial-scale application.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adam, F., Abert-Vian, M., Peltier, G., & Chemat, F. (2012). “Solvent-free” ultrasound-assisted extraction of lipids from fresh microalgae cells: A green, clean and scalable process. Bioresource Technology, 114, 457–465.
Adrio, J. L. (2017). Oleaginous yeasts: Promising platforms for the production of oleochemicals and biofuels. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 114, 1915–1920.
Alam, M. A., Wu, J., Xu, J., & Wang, Z. (2019). Enhanced isolation of lipids from microalgal biomass with high water content for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 291, 121834.
Alfenore, S., & Molina-Jouve, C. (2016). Current status and future prospects of conversion of lignocellulosic resources to biofuels using yeasts and bacteria. Process Biochemistry, 51, 1747–1756.
Ali, M., & Watson, I. A. (2015). Microwave treatment of wet algal paste for enhanced solvent extraction of lipids for biodiesel production. Renewable Energy, 76, 470–477.
Balasubramanian, S., Allen, J. D., Kanitkar, A., & Boldor, D. (2011). Oil extraction from Scenedesmus obliquus using a continuous microwave system – Design, optimization, and quality characterization. Bioresource Technology, 102, 3396–3403.
Cano-Ruiz, M. E., & Richter, R. L. (1997). Effect of homogenization pressure on the milk fat globule membrane proteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 2732–2739.
Cheng, J., Huang, R., Li, T., Zhou, J., & Cen, K. (2015). Physicochemical characterization of wet microalgal cells disrupted with instant catapult steam explosion for lipid extraction. Bioresource Technology, 191, 66–72.
Cho, S.-C., Choi, W.-Y., Oh, S.-H., et al. (2012). Enhancement of lipid extraction from marine microalga, Scenedesmus associated with high-pressure homogenization process. Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology, 2012, 1–6.
Choi, S.-A., Lee, J.-S., Oh, Y.-K., Jeong, M.-J., Kim, S. W., & Park, J.-Y. (2014). Lipid extraction from Chlorella vulgaris by molten-salt/ionic-liquid mixtures. Algal Research, 3, 44–48.
de Moura, R. R., Etges, B. J., dos Santos, E. O., Martins, T. G., Roselet, F., Abreu, P. C., Primel, E. G., & D’Oca, M. G. M. (2018). Microwave-assisted extraction of lipids from wet microalgae paste: A quick and efficient method. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 120, 1700419.
Desai, R. K. (2016). Ionic liquid pre-treatment of microalgae and extraction of biomolecules. Wageningen: Wageningen University.
Dong, T., Knoshaug, E. P., Pienkos, P. T., & Laurens, L. M. L. (2016). Lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microbial biomass for biofuel production: A critical review. Applied Energy, 177, 879–895.
Drira, N., Piras, A., Rosa, A., Porcedda, S., & Dhaouadi, H. (2016). Microalgae from domestic wastewater facility’s high rate algal pond: Lipids extraction, characterization and biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 206, 239–244.
Ellison, C. R., Overa, S., & Boldor, D. (2019). Central composite design parameterization of microalgae/cyanobacteria co-culture pretreatment for enhanced lipid extraction using an external clamp-on ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 51, 496–503.
Garcia-Gonzalez, L., Geeraerd, A. H., Spilimbergo, S., Elst, K., Van Ginneken, L., Debevere, J., Van Impe, J. F., & Devlieghere, F. (2007). High pressure carbon dioxide inactivation of microorganisms in foods: The past, the present and the future. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 117, 1–28.
Garoma, T., & Janda, D. (2016). Investigation of the effects of microalgal cell concentration and electroporation, microwave and ultrasonication on lipid extraction efficiency. Renewable Energy, 86, 117–123.
Garoma, T., & Yazdi, R. E. (2019). Investigation of the disruption of algal biomass with chlorine. BMC Plant Biology, 19, 18.
Griffiths, M. J., & Harrison, S. T. L. (2009). Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal species for biodiesel production. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21, 493–507.
Günerken, E., D’Hondt, E., Eppink, M. H. M., Garcia-Gonzalez, L., Elst, K., & Wijffels, R. H. (2015). Cell disruption for microalgae biorefineries. Biotechnology Advances, 33, 243–260.
Heo, Y. M., Lee, H., Lee, C., Kang, J., Ahn, J.-W., Lee, Y. M., Kang, K.-Y., Choi, Y.-E., & Kim, J.-J. (2017). An integrative process for obtaining lipids and glucose from Chlorella vulgaris biomass with a single treatment of cell disruption. Algal Research, 27, 286–294.
Howlader, M. S., DuBien, J., Hassan, E. B., Rai, N., & French, W. T. (2019). Optimization of microbial cell disruption using pressurized CO2 for improving lipid recovery from wet biomass. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 42, 763–776.
Howlader, M. S., French, W. T., Shields-Menard, S. A., Amirsadeghi, M., Green, M., & Rai, N. (2017a). Microbial cell disruption for improving lipid recovery using pressurized CO2: Role of CO2 solubility in cell suspension, sugar broth, and spent media. Biotechnology Progress, 33, 737–748.
Howlader, M. S., French, W. T., Toghiani, H., Hartenbower, B., Pearson, L., DuBien, J., & Rai, N. (2017b). Measurement and correlation of solubility of carbon dioxide in triglycerides. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 104, 252–260.
Howlader, M. S., Rai, N., & Todd French, W. (2018a). Improving the lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microorganisms using different pretreatment techniques. Bioresource Technology, 267, 743–755.
Howlader, M. S., Venkatesan, S., Goel, H., Huda, M. M., French, W. T., & Rai, N. (2018b). Solubility of CO2 in triglycerides using Monte Carlo simulations. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 476, 39–47.
Kim, Y.-H., Choi, Y.-K., Park, J., Lee, S., Yang, Y.-H., Kim, H. J., Park, T.-J., Hwan Kim, Y., & Lee, S. H. (2012). Ionic liquid-mediated extraction of lipids from algal biomass. Bioresource Technology, 109, 312–315.
Lai, Y. S., De Francesco, F., Aguinaga, A., Parameswaran, P., & Rittmann, B. E. (2016). Improving lipid recovery from Scenedesmus wet biomass by surfactant-assisted disruption. Green Chemistry, 18, 1319–1326.
Lee, A. K., Lewis, D. M., & Ashman, P. J. (2012). Disruption of microalgal cells for the extraction of lipids for biofuels: Processes and specific energy requirements. Biomass and Bioenergy, 46, 89–101.
Lee, S. Y., Show, P. L., Ling, T. C., & Chang, J.-S. (2017). Single-step disruption and protein recovery from Chlorella vulgaris using ultrasonication and ionic liquid buffer aqueous solutions as extractive solvents. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 124, 26–35.
Liang, K., Zhang, Q., & Cong, W. (2012). Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of lipid from microalgae. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60, 11771–11776.
Lorente, E., Farriol, X., & Salvadó, J. (2015). Steam explosion as a fractionation step in biofuel production from microalgae. Fuel Processing Technology, 131, 93–98.
Lorente, E., Hapońska, M., Clavero, E., Torras, C., & Salvadó, J. (2017). Microalgae fractionation using steam explosion, dynamic and tangential cross-flow membrane filtration. Bioresource Technology, 237, 3–10.
Lorente, E., Hapońska, M., Clavero, E., Torras, C., & Salvadó, J. (2018). Steam explosion and vibrating membrane filtration to improve the processing cost of microalgae cell disruption and fractionation. PRO, 6, 28.
Lu, W., Alam, M. A., Luo, W., & Asmatulu, E. (2019). Integrating Spirulina platensis cultivation and aerobic composting exhaust for carbon mitigation and biomass production. Bioresource Technology, 271, 59–65.
Lupatini, A. L., de Oliveira Bispo, L., Colla, L. M., Costa, J. A. V., Canan, C., & Colla, E. (2017). Protein and carbohydrate extraction from S. platensis biomass by ultrasound and mechanical agitation. Food Research International, 99, 1028–1035.
Martinez-Guerra, E., Howlader, M. S., Shields-Menard, S., French, W. T., & Gude, V. G. (2018). Optimization of wet microalgal FAME production from Nannochloropsis sp. under the synergistic microwave and ultrasound effect. International Journal of Energy Research, 42, 1934–1949.
Mazanov, S. V., Gabitova, A. R., Usmanov, R. A., Gumerov, F. M., Labidi, S., Ben, A. M., Passarello, J.-P., Kanaev, A., Volle, F., & Le Neindre, B. (2016). Continuous production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil by ultrasonic assist transesterification in supercritical ethanol. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 118, 107–118.
Mukhopadhyay, A. (2015). Tolerance engineering in bacteria for the production of advanced biofuels and chemicals. Trends in Microbiology, 23, 498–508.
Orr, V. C. A., Plechkova, N. V., Seddon, K. R., & Rehmann, L. (2016). Disruption and wet extraction of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris using room-temperature ionic liquids. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 4, 591–600.
Park, Y.-M., Lee, D.-W., Kim, D.-K., Lee, J.-S., & Lee, K.-Y. (2008). The heterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty acids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel. Catalysis Today, 131, 238–243.
Patel, A., Arora, N., Mehtani, J., Pruthi, V., & Pruthi, P. A. (2017). Assessment of fuel properties on the basis of fatty acid profiles of oleaginous yeast for potential biodiesel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 604–616.
Phong, W. N., Show, P. L., Le, C. F., Tao, Y., Chang, J.-S., & Ling, T. C. (2018). Improving cell disruption efficiency to facilitate protein release from microalgae using chemical and mechanical integrated method. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 135, 83–90.
Portillo, H. A., Howlader, M. S., Campbell, Y. L., French, T., Kim, T., Goddard, J., Hassan, E. B., & Schilling, M. W. (2018). Incorporating fermented by-products of Lactobacillus diolivorans in food grade coatings designed for inhibition of Tyrophagus putrescentiae on dry-cured hams. Journal of Stored Products Research, 77, 77–83.
Ramakrishnan, A. M. (2015). Biofuel: A scope for reducing global warming. Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology, 7, 1.
Ren, H.-Y., Xiao, R.-N., Kong, F., Zhao, L., Xing, D., Ma, J., Ren, N.-Q., & Liu, B.-F. (2019). Enhanced biomass and lipid accumulation of mixotrophic microalgae by using low-strength ultrasonic stimulation. Bioresource Technology, 272, 606–610.
Safi, C., Cabas Rodriguez, L., Mulder, W. J., Engelen-Smit, N., Spekking, W., van den Broek, L. A. M., Olivieri, G., & Sijtsma, L. (2017a). Energy consumption and water-soluble protein release by cell wall disruption of Nannochloropsis gaditana. Bioresource Technology, 239, 204–210.
Safi, C., Olivieri, G., Campos, R. P., Engelen-Smit, N., Mulder, W. J., van den Broek, L. A. M., & Sijtsma, L. (2017b). Biorefinery of microalgal soluble proteins by sequential processing and membrane filtration. Bioresource Technology, 225, 151–158.
Safi, C., Ursu, A. V., Laroche, C., Zebib, B., Merah, O., Pontalier, P.-Y., & Vaca-Garcia, C. (2014). Aqueous extraction of proteins from microalgae: Effect of different cell disruption methods. Algal Research, 3, 61–65.
Samarasinghe, N., Fernando, S., Lacey, R., & Faulkner, W. B. (2012). Algal cell rupture using high pressure homogenization as a prelude to oil extraction. Renewable Energy, 48, 300–308.
Sathish, A., & Sims, R. C. (2012). Biodiesel from mixed culture algae via a wet lipid extraction procedure. Bioresource Technology, 118, 643–647.
Shields-Menard, S. A., Amirsadeghi, M., French, W. T., & Boopathy, R. (2018). A review on microbial lipids as a potential biofuel. Bioresource Technology, 259, 451–460.
Singh, J., & Gu, S. (2010). Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 2596–2610.
To, T. Q., Procter, K., Simmons, B. A., Subashchandrabose, S., & Atkin, R. (2018). Low cost ionic liquid–water mixtures for effective extraction of carbohydrate and lipid from algae. Faraday Discussions, 206, 93–112.
Wan, C., Alam, M. A., Zhao, X.-Q., Zhang, X.-Y., Guo, S.-L., Ho, S.-H., & Bai, F.-W. (2015). Current progress and future prospect of microalgal biomass harvest using various flocculation technologies. Bioresource Technology, 184, 251–257.
Wang, D., Li, Y., Hu, X., Su, W., Zhong, M., Wang, D., Li, Y., Hu, X., Su, W., & Zhong, M. (2015). Combined enzymatic and mechanical cell disruption and lipid extraction of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 7707–7722.
Xu, Z., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Hu, X., Liao, X., & Wang, Z. (2010). Extraction of anthocyanins from red cabbage using high pressure CO2. Bioresource Technology, 101, 7151–7157.
Yao, S., Mettu, S., Law, S. Q. K., Ashokkumar, M., & Martin, G. J. O. (2018). The effect of high-intensity ultrasound on cell disruption and lipid extraction from high-solids viscous slurries of Nannochloropsis sp. biomass. Algal Research, 35, 341–348.
Yap, B. H. J., Crawford, S. A., Dumsday, G. J., Scales, P. J., & Martin, G. J. O. (2014). A mechanistic study of algal cell disruption and its effect on lipid recovery by solvent extraction. Algal Research, 5, 112–120.
Yap, B. H. J., Dumsday, G. J., Scales, P. J., & Martin, G. J. O. (2015). Energy evaluation of algal cell disruption by high pressure homogenisation. Bioresource Technology, 184, 280–285.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Howlader, M.S., French, W.T. (2020). Pretreatment and Lipid Extraction from Wet Microalgae: Challenges, Potential, and Application for Industrial-Scale Application. In: Alam, M., Xu, JL., Wang, Z. (eds) Microalgae Biotechnology for Food, Health and High Value Products. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0169-2_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0169-2_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0168-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0169-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)