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Physiology of Microglia

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Neuroglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1175))

Abstract

Microglia constitute the major immune cells that permanently reside in the central nervous system (CNS) alongside neurons and other glial cells. These resident immune cells are critical for proper brain development, actively maintain brain health throughout the lifespan and rapidly adapt their function to the physiological or pathophysiological needs of the organism. Cutting-edge fate mapping and imaging techniques applied to animal models enabled a revolution in our understanding of their roles during normal physiological conditions. Here, we highlight studies that demonstrate the embryonic yolk sac origin of microglia and describe factors, including crosstalk with the periphery and external environment, that regulate their differentiation, homeostasis and function in the context of healthy CNS. The diversity of microglial phenotypes observed across the lifespan, between brain compartments and between sexes is also discussed. Understanding what defines specific microglial phenotypes is critical for the development of innovative therapies to modulate their effector functions and improve clinical outcomes.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) RGPIN-2014-05308 to M.E.T., who is a Canada Research Chair of Neuroimmune plasticity in health and therapy. T.L.T. was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, TA 1029/1-1 and EXC 1086), Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of Baden-Württemberg (7532.21/2.1.6), Klaus Tschira Boost Fund (KT10), and Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Freiburg (Helmut-Holzer Prize). M.C. is a recipient of the Master training awards from Université Laval and Fonds de recherche du Québec—Santé (FRQS). We are grateful to Julie C. Savage for critical comments on the manuscript and Maude Bordeleau for preparing the figure.

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  1. Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany

    Tuan Leng Tay

  2. Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Tuan Leng Tay

  3. Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany

    Tuan Leng Tay

  4. Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada

    Micaël Carrier & Marie-Ève Tremblay

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  1. Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Alexei Verkhratsky

  2. School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China

    Margaret S. Ho

  3. Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Robert Zorec

  4. Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Vladimir Parpura

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Tay, T.L., Carrier, M., Tremblay, MÈ. (2019). Physiology of Microglia. In: Verkhratsky, A., Ho, M., Zorec, R., Parpura, V. (eds) Neuroglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1175. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_6

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