Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Advantages and Cost of Participatory Plant Breeding

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Participatory Plant Breeding: Concept and Applications

Abstract

Participatory plant breeding overcomes the limitations of classical plant breeding since it treats the farmers as partners and allows them to decide which varieties are more appropriate for them by having a better say in the selection progress. This breeding methodology is highly desirable in situations where farmers are generally less served by formal breeding programs. PPB offers advantages like it saves time, improves farmer seed systems and seed provision to small-scale farmers, enhances biodiversity, improves research, and accelerates adoption by the farmers. It enhances the farmers’ organizational and social capital, as well as individual farmers’ knowledge and skills and capacity to learn and experiment. In spite of limited involvement, rural women seem to have derived the maximum benefits from the PPB approach leading to gender empowerment. However, protagonists argue that inclusion of participatory approaches would increase complexity and lead to increase in time and cost due to aspects like training of farmers, more exhaustive testing of varieties, requirement of large amount of seeds, conduction of trials outside the experimental fields, and requirement of diverse manpower to effectively communicate with farmers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Akter S, Rutsaert P, Luis J, Htwe N, San S, Raharjo B, Pustika A (2017) Women’s empowerment and gender equity in agriculture: a different perspective from Southeast Asia. Food Policy 69:270–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almekinders CJM, Elings A (2001) Collaboration of farmers and breeders: participatory crop improvement in perspective. Euphytica 122:425–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almekinders C, Louwaars NP (2002) The importance of the farmers’ seed system in a functional national seed sector. In: Louwaars NP (ed) Seed policy, legislation and law: widening a narrow focus. Food Products Press, New York, pp 15–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Almekinders C, Thiele G (2003) What to do with the seed for small-scale farmers after all? Questions on seed supply strategies, considering PPB successes. Cultivos Trop 24:5–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Almekinders CJM, Louwaars NP, de Bruijn G (1994) Local seed systems and their importance for an improved seed supply in developing countries. Euphytica 78:207–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almekinders CJM, Thiele G, Danial DL (2007) Can cultivars from participatory plant breeding improve seed provision to small-scale farmers? Euphytica 153:363–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashby J (1986) Methodology for the participation of small farmers in the design of on-farm trials. Agric Admin Exten 25:161–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashby JA (1996) What do we mean by participatory research in agriculture? In: New frontiers in participatory research and gender analysis. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) Publication No.294, Cali, Colombia, 9–14 September 1996

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashby J, Lilja N (2004) Participatory research: does it work? Evidence from participatory plant breeding. In: 4th International crop Congress ‘New directions for a diverse planet’. Sep 26-October 1, 2004, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashby JA, Quiros CA, Rivers YM (1989) Farmer participation in technology development: work with crop varieties. In: Chambers R, Pacey A, Thrupp LA (eds) Farmer first. Farmer innovation and agricultural research. IT Publication, London, pp 115–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashby JA, Braun AR, Gracia T, Guerrero MP, Herńandez LA, Quiŕos CA, Roa JI (2000) Investing in farmers as researchers: experience with local agricultural research committees in Latin America. CIAT, Cali

    Google Scholar 

  • Atlin GN, Cooper M, Bjørnstad Å (2001) A comparison of formal, participatory breeding approaches using selection theory. Euphytica 122:463–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baidu-Forson J (1997) On-station farmers participatory varietal evaluation: a strategy for client-oriented breeding. Exp Agric 33:43–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banziger M, Cooper M (2001) Breeding for low input conditions and consequences for participatory plant breeding: examples from tropical maize and wheat. Euphytica 122:503–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baser H (1988) Technology, women, and farming systems. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Belay G (2009) Does client-oriented plant breeding work? CAB Rev Persp Agric Vet Sci Nutr Nat Resour 4:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidinger FR (1998) Farmer participation in pearl millet research in Namibia. In: Proc participatory plant improvement. MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF)- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) workshop, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishaw Z, Turner M (2008) Linking participatory plant breeding to the seed supply system. Euphytica 163:31–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumfield RG, Rimal A, Reiners S (2000) Comparative cost analyses of conventional, integrated crop management, and organic methods. HortTechnology 10:785–793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buvinic M, Mehra R (1990) Women and agricultural development. In: Eicher CK, Staats JM (eds) Agricultural development in the third world, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 290–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Camargo CP, Bragantini C, Monares A (1989) Seed production systems for small farmers: a nonconventional approach. CIAT, Cali

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceccarelli S (2009) Evolution, plant breeding and biodiversity. J Agric Env Int Dev 103:131–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceccarelli S (2012) Plant breeding with farmers– a technical manual. ICARDA, Aleppo

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceccarelli S, Grando S (2005) Decentralized-participatory plant breeding. In: Tuberosa R, Phillips RL, Gale M (eds) In the wake of the double helix: from the green revolution to the gene revolution. Proceedings of the International Congress, 27–31 May 2003, University of Bologna, Italy, pp 145–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceccarelli S, Grando S (2007) Decentralized-participatory plant breeding: an example of demand driven research. Euphytica 155:349–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiffoleau Y, Desclaux D (2006) Participatory plant breeding: the best way to breed for sustainable agriculture? Int J Agric Sustain 4:119–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crespo-Herrera LA, Ortiz R (2015) Plant breeding for organic agriculture: Something new? Agric Food Secur 4:25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David S (2004) Farmer seed enterprises: a sustainable approach to seed delivery. Agric Hum Values 21:387–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson JC, Murphy KM, Jones S (2008) Decentralized selection and participatory approaches in plant breeding for low-input systems. Euphytica 160:143–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson JC, Rivière P, Berthellot J, Mercier F, de Kochko P, Galic N, Pin S, Serpolay E, Thomas M, Giuliano S, Goldringer I (2011) Collaborative plant breeding for organic agricultural systems in developed countries. Sustainability 3:1206–1223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Defoer T, Kamara A, De Groote H (1997) Gender and variety selection: farmer’s assessment of local maize varieties in southern Mali. Afr Crop Sci J 5:65–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enjalbert J, Dawson JC, Paillard S, Rhoné B, Rousselle Y, Thomas M, Goldringer I (2011) Dynamic management of crop diversity: from an experimental approach to on-farm conservation. C R Biol 334:458–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Entz MH, Kirk AP, Vaisman I, Fox SL, Fetch JM, Hobson D, Jensen HR, Rabinowicz J (2015) Farmer participation in plant breeding for Canadian organic crop production: implications for adaptation to climate uncertainty. Procedia Environ Sci 29:238–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evenson RE, Gollin D (2003) Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: the impact of international agricultural research. CAB International, Wallingford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO (1999) Guidelines for the production, processing, labeling and marketing of organically produced foods. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  • Galiè A (2013a) Empowering women farmers: the case of participatory plant breeding in ten Syrian households. Front J Women Stud 34:58–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galiè A (2013b) Governance of seed and food security through participatory plant breeding in ten Syrian households: empirical evidence and gender analysis. Nat Resour Forum UN Sustain Dev J 37:31–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galiè A, Jiggins J, Struik PC, Grando S, Ceccarelli S (2017) Women’s empowerment through seed improvement and seed governance: evidence from participatory barley breeding in pre-war Syria. NJAS Wagening J Life Sci 81:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson JC, Lichenberg E, Peters SE (1997) Organic versus conventional grain production in the mid-Atlantic: an economic and farming system overview. Am J Alter Agric 12:2–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper S, Zeller D, Hauzer M, Pauly D, Sumaila UR (2013) Women and fisheries: contribution to food security and local economies. Mar Pol 39:56–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkin T, Jarvis D (2004) Seed systems and the maintenance of diversity onfarm: introductory remarks. In: Jarvis D, Sevilla-Panizo R, Chavez-Servia J-L, Hodgkin T. (eds) Proceedings of a workshop, Pucallpa, Peru, 16–20 September 2003, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  • Iglesias CA, Hernadez-RLA, López A (1990) Participatory selection with farmers in northern Colombia. Internal mss. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia

    Google Scholar 

  • Ipinge SA, Lechner WR, Monyo ES (1996) Development of a national pearl millet breeding program for Namibia. In: Leuschner K, Manthe CS (eds) Drought-tolerant crops for southern Africa: proceedings of the SADC/ICRISAT regional Sorghum and Pearl Millet workshop, 25–29 July 1994, Gaborone, Botswana. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, pp 305–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson LE, Pascual U, Hodgkin T (2007) Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 121:196–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis DI, Sevilla-Panizo R, Chavez-Servia J-L, Hodgkin T (2004) Seed systems and crop genetic diversity on-farm. In: Proceedings of a workshop, Pucallpa, Peru. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, 16–20 September 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson NL, Lilja N, Ashby JA (2003) Measuring the impact of user participation in agricultural and natural resource management research. Agric Syst 78:287–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RB, Audi PA, Tripp R (2001) The role of informal seed systems in disseminating modern varieties. The example of pigeon pea from a semi-arid area of Kenya. Exp Agric 37:539–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamara A, Defoer T, De Groote H (1996) Selection of new varieties through participatory research in the case of corn in South Mali. Tropicultura 14:100–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Kugbei S, Bishaw Z (2002) Policy measures for stimulating indigenous seed enterprises. J New Seeds 4(1/2):47–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kugbei S, Turner M (2000) Structure and establishment of small-scale enterprises in seed industries in developing countries. In: Kugbei S, Turner M, Witthaut P (eds) Finance and management of small scale seed enterprises. Aleppo, Syria, pp 9–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilja N, Ashby J (1999a) Types of gender analysis in natural resource management and plant breeding. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA), Cali, CO, PRGA working document no 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilja N, Ashby J (1999b) Types of participatory research based on locus of decision making. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA), Cali, CO, PRGA working document no 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilja N, Aw-Hasaan A (2002) Benefits and costs of participatory barley breeding in Syria. A back-ground paper to a poster presented at the 25th International Conference of IAAE, Durban, South Africa, 16–22 August 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilja N, Dixon J (2008) Responding to the challenges of impact assessment of participatory research and gender analysis. Exp Agric 44:3–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lilja N, Erenstein O (2002) Institutional process impacts of participatory rice improvement research and gender analysis in West Africa. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maeder P, Fliessbach A, Dubois D, Gunst L, Fried P, Niggli U (2002) Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296:1694–1697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangione D, Senni S, Puccioni M, Grando S, Ceccarelli S (2006) The cost of participatory barley breeding. Euphytica 150:289–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire S, Manicad G, Louise S (2003) Technical and institutional issues in participatory plant breeding-done from a perspective of farmer plant breeding: a global analysis of issues and of current experience. CGIAR system wide program on participatory research and gender analysis for technology development and institutional innovation; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, CO, PPB monograph no. 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Mekbib F (1997) Farmer participation in common bean genotype evaluation: the case of eastern Ethiopia. Exp Agric 33:399–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendum R, Glenna LL (2010) Socioeconomic obstacles to establishing a participatory plant breeding program for organic growers in the United States. Sustainability 2:73–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa Y, Grando S, Ceccarelli, S (2006) Assessing the benefits and costs of participatory and conventional barley breeding programs in Syria. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers JR, McKenzie L, Voorrips RE (2011) Brassicas: breeding cole crops for organic agriculture. In: van Bueren ETL, Myers JR (eds) Organic crop breeding. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 251–262

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nemecek T, Dubois D, Huguenin-Elie O, Gaillard G (2011) Life cycle assessment of Swiss farming systems: I. Integrated and organic farming. Agric Syst 104:217–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okali C, Sumberg J, Farrington J (1994) Farmer participatory research: rhetoric and reality. Intermediate Technology Publication, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pacini C, Wossink A, Giesen G, Vazzana C, Huirne R (2003) Evaluation of sustainability of organic, integrated and conventional farming system: a farm and field-scale analysis. Agric Ecosyst Environ 95:273–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paris TR, Singh A, Cueno AD, Singh VN (2008) Assessing the impact of participatory research in rice breeding on women farmers: a case study in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Exp Agric 44:97–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parlevliet JE (2007) How to maintain improved cultivars. Euphytica 153:353–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D, Stachow U, Takacs DA, Brubaker HW, Dumas AR, Meaney JJ, O’Neil JAS, Onsi DE, Corzilius DB (1992) Conserving biological diversity in agricultural/forestry systems. Bioscience 42:354–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D, Hepperly P, Hanson J, Douds D, Seidel R (2005) Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems. Bioscience 55:573–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponisio LC, M’Gonigle LK, Mace KC, Palomino J, de Valpine P, Kremen C (2014) Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap. Proc R Soc B 282:20141396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reganold JP, Wachter JM (2016) Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nat Plants 2:15221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu HS, Wratten SD, Cullen R (2010) Organic agriculture and ecosystem services. Environ Sci Pol 13:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanginga P, Lilja N, Tumwine J (2002) Assessing the quality of participation in farmers’ research groups in the highlands of Kibale, Uganda. PRGA working document no. 19, CIAT, Cali, Colombia

    Google Scholar 

  • Seshu DV, Dadlani M (1989) Role of women in seed management with special reference to rice. IRTP Technical bulletin no. 5. IRRI, Philippines

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver JM (2003) Toward a greener agriculture. In: Chrispeels MJ, Sadava DE (eds) Plant, genes and crop biotechnology. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Burlington, pp 473–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton AC, Tracy WF (2016) Participatory plant breeding and organic agriculture: a synergistic model for organic variety development in the United States. Elem Sci Anth 4:143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ME, Castillo F, Gómez F (2001) Participatory plant breeding with maize in Mexico and Honduras. Euphytica 122:551–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y (1998) New seed in old China. Impact of China’s collaboration program on maize breeding in south-western China. PhD thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen

    Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Jiggins J (2002) Exploring the potential for crop development and biodiversity enhancement: fostering synergy between the formal and the farmers’ seed systems in China. In: Howard Borjas P (ed) Women and plants: case studies on gender relations in local plant genetic resource management. ZED Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperling L (2000) Targeting seed aid and seed systems interventions; strengthening small farmer seed systems in East and Central Africa. In: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kampala, Uganda, CIAT, Kampala, Uganda, 21–24 June 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperling L, Scheidegger U (1995) Participatory selection of beans in Rwanda: results, methods and institutional issues. International Institute for Environment and Development. Gatekeeper series no. 51, IIED, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperling L, Loevinsohn M, Ntabomvura B (1993) Rethinking the farmer’s role in plant breeding: local bean experts and on-situation selection in Rwanda. Exp Agric 29:509–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sperling L, Ashby JA, Smith ME, Weltzien E, McGuire S (2001) A framework for analyzing participatory plant breeding approaches and results. Euphytica 122:439–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sraboni E, Malapit HJ, Quisumbing AR, Ahmed AU (2014) Women’s empowerment in agriculture: what role for food security in Bangladesh? World Dev 61:11–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sthapit B, Subedi A (1997) Does participatory plant breeding have more impact than conventional breeding? A position paper prepared for towards a synthesis between crop conservation and development. Workshop organized by CPRO-DLO and IPGRI, Baarlo, The Netherlands, 30 June- 2 July 1997

    Google Scholar 

  • Teshale A, Girma A, Chemeda F, Bulti T, Al-Tawaha AM (2005) Participatory bean breeding with women and small holder farmers in Eastern Ethiopia. World J Agric Sci 1:28–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiele G, Gardner G, Torrez R, Gabriel J (1997) Farmer involvement in selecting new varieties: potatoes in Bolivia. Exp Agric 33:275–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort BL (2011) Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:260–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tripp R (2000) The organization, of farmer seed systems: relevance for participatory plant breeding. In: International symposium of scientific basis of participatory plant breeding and conservation of genetic resources, Oaxtepec, Mexico, 8–14 October 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripp R (2001) Seed provision and agricultural development. ODI/James Currey, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripp R, Louwaars NP, van der Burg WJ, Virk DS, Witcombe JR (1997) Alternatives for seed regulatory reform: an analysis of variety testing, variety regulation and seed quality control. Agricultural Research and Extension Network. Network paper no. 69, ODI, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner MR (1996) Problems of privatizing the seed supply in self-pollinated grain crops. In: van Amstel H, Bottema JWT, Sidik M, van Santen CE (eds) Integrating seed systems for annual food crops. Proceedings of a Workshop, Malang, Indonesia, CGPRT Center, Indonesia, 24–27 October 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner MR (2005) Linking rice research to national seed programmes. In: Proceedings of the Mekong rice conference, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Google Scholar 

  • Virk DS, Singh DN, Prasad SC, Gangwar JS, Witcombe JR (2003) Collaborative and consultative participatory plant breeding of rice for the rainfed uplands of eastern India. Euphytica 132:95–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker TS (2006) Participatory varietal selection, participatory plant breeding, and varietal change. World Development Report 2008, World Bank, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • WDR (World Development Report) (2008) World development report: agriculture for development. World Bank, Washington DC, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2008/Resources/WDR_00_book.pdf

  • Weltzien E, Vom Brocke K (2001) Seed systems and their potential for innovation: conceptual framework for analysis. In: Sperling L (ed) Targeted seed aid and seed-system interventions: strengthening small farmer seed systems in East and Central Africa. Proceedings of a Workshop held at Kampala, Uganda, 21–24 June 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • WFP (World Food Programme) (2012) UN Women, FAO, IFAD and WFP: Empowerment of women in rural areas is pre-requisite for global food security. World Food Programme

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins S, Cromwell E (1995) NGOs and seed provision to smallholders in developing countries. World Dev 23:413–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willer H, Lernoud J (2016) The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL)/IFOAM Organics International, Frick/Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams AG, Audsley E, Sandars DL (2006) Energy and environmental burdens of organic and nonorganic agriculture and horticulture. Aspects Appl Biol 79:19–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Witcombe JR, Joshi A, Joshi KD, Sthapit BR (1996) Farmer participatory crop improvement. I. Varietal selection and breeding methods and their impact on biodiversity. Exp Agric 32:445–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witcombe JR, Petre R, Jones S, Joshi A (1999) Farmer participatory crop improvement. IV. The spread and impact of a rice variety identified by participatory varietal selection. Exp Agric 35:471–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witcombe JR, Joshi KD, Rana RB, Virk DS (2001) Increasing genetic diversity by participatory varietal selection in high potential production systems in Nepal and India. Euphytica 122:575–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witcombe JR, Joshi KD, Gyawali S, Musa AM, Johansen C, Virk DS, Sthapit BR (2005) Participatory plant breeding is better described as highly client-oriented plant breeding. I. Four indicators of client-orientation in plant breeding. Exp Agric 41:299–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witcombe JR, Gyawali S, Sunwar S (2006) Participatory plant breeding is better described as highly client-oriented plant breeding. II. Optional farmer collaboration in the segregating generations. Exp Agric 42:79–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood D, Lenné JM (1997) The conservation of agrobiodiversity on-farm: questioning the emerging paradigm. Biodivers Conserv 6:109–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow Campus), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Atul Bhargava

  2. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow Campus), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Shilpi Srivastava

Authors
  1. Atul Bhargava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shilpi Srivastava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bhargava, A., Srivastava, S. (2019). Advantages and Cost of Participatory Plant Breeding. In: Participatory Plant Breeding: Concept and Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7119-6_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation