Abstract
In this chapter, we describe overarching categories that can be used to describe and analyze debriefing practices across a variety of settings: the people involved, the content discussed, the interaction patterns between participants, the physical characteristics, and the organizational context. We develop these categories from fictitious case examples and provide theoretical foundations for the categories, namely, through the lens of Activity Theory. Activity Theory emphasizes the motive-guided and goal-oriented human being, acting in a social and physical context to reach these goals. Understanding the interplay of motives, goals, and context of human action is important to optimize debriefing practice. Finally, we apply the categories derived to another fictitious case example to explore their analytical value.
References
Auerbach M, Cheng A, Rudolph JW. Rapport management: opening the door for effective debriefing. Simul Healthc. 2018;13(1):1–2.
Bae J, Lee J, Jang Y, Lee Y. Development of simulation education debriefing protocol with faculty guide for enhancement clinical reasoning. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1):197.
Barrick MR, Mount MK. The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis. Pers Psychol. 1991;44(1):1–26.
Boet S, Bould MD, Bruppacher HR, Desjardins F, Chandra DB, Naik VN. Looking in the mirror: self-debriefing versus instructor debriefing for simulated crises. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(6):1377–81.
Bortolato-Major C, Mantovani MF, Felix JVC, Boostel R, Silva A, Caravaca-Morera JA. Debriefing evaluation in nursing clinical simulation: a cross-sectional study. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(3):788–94.
Brett-Fleegler M, Rudolph J, Eppich W, Monuteaux M, Fleegler E, Cheng A, et al. Debriefing assessment for simulation in healthcare: development and psychometric properties. Simul Healthc. 2012;7(5):288–94.
Cheng A, Palaganas J, Eppich W, Rudolph J, Robinson T, Grant V. Co-debriefing for simulation-based education: a primer for facilitators. Simul Healthc. 2015;10(2):69–75.
Cheng A, Morse KJ, Rudolph J, Arab AA, Runnacles J, Eppich W. Learner-centered debriefing for health care simulation education: lessons for faculty development. Simul Healthc. 2016;11(1):32–40.
Dahlgren MA, Rystedt H, Felländer-Tsai L, Nyström S, editors. Interprofessional simulation in health care. Materiality, embodiment, interaction. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2019.
Dieckmann P. Simulation settings for learning in acute medical care. In: Dieckmann P, editor. Using simulation for education, training and research. Lengerich: Pabst; 2009. p. 40–138.
Dieckmann P, Krage R. Simulation and psychology: creating, recognizing and using learning opportunities. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2013;26(6):714–20.
Dieckmann P, Gaba D, Rall M. Deepening the theoretical foundations of patient simulation as social practice. Simul Healthc. 2007;2(3):183–93.
Dieckmann P, Reddersen S, Zieger J, Rall M. A structure for video-assisted debriefing in simulator-based training of crisis resource management. In: Kyle R, Murray BW (eds). Clinical Simulation: Operations, Engineering, and Management. Burlington: Academic Press; 2008. p. 667–676.
Dieckmann P, Molin Friis S, Lippert A, Ostergaard D. The art and science of debriefing in simulation: ideal and practice. Med Teach. 2009;31(7):e287–94.
Dieckmann P, Patterson M, Lahlou S, Mesman J, Nystrom P, Krage R. Variation and adaptation: learning from success in patient safety-oriented simulation training. Adv Simul (Lond). 2017;2:21.
Dieckmann P, Birkvad Rasmussen M, Issenberg SB, Soreide E, Ostergaard D, Ringsted C. Long-term experiences of being a simulation-educator: a multinational interview study. Med Teach. 2018;40(7):713–20.
Dismukes RK, Gaba DM, Howard SK. So many roads: facilitated debriefing in healthcare. Simul Healthc. 2006;1(1):23–5.
Dong C. Personal communication in the context of a debriefing workshop. 2013.
Engeström Y, Miettinen R, Punamaki-Gitai R-L. Perspectives on activity theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999. xiii, 462 p. p.
Engeström Y, Kerosuo H, ProQuest (Firm). Activity theory and workplace learning. Bradford: Emerald Group Publishing; 2007. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/abdn/detail.action?docID=320648
Eppich W, Cheng A. Promoting Excellence and Reflective Learning in Simulation (PEARLS): development and rationale for a blended approach to health care simulation debriefing. Simul Healthc. 2015a;10(2):106–15.
Eppich W, Cheng A. How cultural-historical activity theory can inform interprofessional team debriefings. Clin Simul Nurs. 2015b;11(8):383–9.
Fanning RM, Gaba DM. The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthc. 2007;2(2):115–25.
Flin RH, O’Connor P, Crichton M. Safety at the sharp end: a guide to non-technical skills. Aldershot/Burlington: Ashgate; 2008. x, 317 p
Flin R, Patey R, Glavin R, Maran N. Anaesthetists’ non-technical skills. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(1):38–44.
Gaba DM. The future vision of simulation in healthcare. Simul Healthc. 2007;2(2):126–35.
Gaba DM, Fish KJ, Howard SK, Burden AR, Gaba DM. Crisis management in anesthesiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2015. xxii, 409 pages
Glavin RJ. Human performance limitations (communication, stress, prospective memory and fatigue). Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2011a;25(2):193–206.
Glavin RJ. Skills, training, and education. Simul Healthc. 2011b;6(1):4–7.
Glavin RJ, Maran NJ. Integrating human factors into the medical curriculum. Med Educ. 2003;37(Suppl 1):59–64.
Hodges B. Medical education and the maintenance of incompetence. Med Teach. 2006;28(8):690–6.
Husebo SE, Dieckmann P, Rystedt H, Soreide E, Friberg F. The relationship between facilitators' questions and the level of reflection in postsimulation debriefing. Simul Healthc. 2013;8(3):135–42.
Iedema R, Mesman J, Carroll K. Visualising health care practice improvement: innovation from within. London: Radcliffe Publishing; 2013. 211 s. p.
Johansson E, Lindwall O, Rystedt H. Experiences, appearances, and interprofessional training: the instructional use of video in post-simulation debriefings. Int J Comput-Support Collab Learn. 2017;12(1):91–112.
Johnston S, Coyer FM, Nash R. Kirkpatrick’s evaluation of simulation and debriefing in health care education: a systematic review. J Nurs Educ. 2018;57(7):393–8.
Kang K, Yu M. Comparison of student self-debriefing versus instructor debriefing in nursing simulation: a quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;65:67–73.
Kihlgren P, Spanager L, Dieckmann P. Investigating novice doctors’ reflections in debriefings after simulation scenarios. Med Teach. 2015;37(5):437–43.
Kim SS, De Gagne JC. Instructor-led vs. peer-led debriefing in preoperative care simulation using standardized patients. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;71:34–9.
Kolbe M, Weiss M, Grote G, Knauth A, Dambach M, Spahn DR, et al. TeamGAINS: a tool for structured debriefings for simulation-based team trainings. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22(7):541–53.
Kun Y, Hubert J, Bin L, Huan WX. Self-debriefing model based on an integrated video-capture system: an efficient solution to skill degradation. J Surg Educ. 2019;76(2):362–9.
Lahlou S. Installation theory. The societal construction and regulation of behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017.
Leont’ev AN. Activity, consciousness, and personality. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 1978.
Lewin K. Defining the ‘field at a given time.’. Psychol Rev. 1943;50(3):292–310.
Maestre JM, Rudolph JW. Theories and styles of debriefing: the good judgment method as a tool for formative assessment in healthcare. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2015;68(4):282–5.
McDonnell LK, Jobe KK, Dismukes RK. Facilitating LOS debriefings: a training manual. Moffett Field, CA, USA: Ames Research Center; 1997.
Murphy P, Nestel D, Gormley GJ. Words matter: towards a new lexicon for ‘nontechnical skills’ training. Adv Simul (Lond). 2019;4:8.
Myers IB, Myers PB. Gifts differing: understanding personality type. Mountain View: Davies-Black Pub; 1995. xxiii, 228 p. p.
Nystrom S, Dahlberg J, Edelbring S, Hult H, Dahlgren MA. Debriefing practices in interprofessional simulation with students: a sociomaterial perspective. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16:148.
Odreman HA, Clyens D. Concept mapping during simulation debriefing to encourage active learning, critical thinking, and connections to clinical concepts. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000445. [Epub ahead of print]
Oikawa S, Berg B, Turban J, Vincent D, Mandai Y, Birkmire-Peters D. Self-debriefing vs instructor debriefing in a pre-internship simulation curriculum: night on call. Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2016;75(5):127–32.
Owen H. Simulation in healthcare education. New York: Springer Science+Business Media; 2016. pages cm p.
Rall M, Manser T, Howard SK. Key elements of debriefing for simulator training. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000;17(8):516–7.
Rasmussen MB, Dieckmann P, Barry Issenberg S, Ostergaard D, Soreide E, Ringsted CV. Long-term intended and unintended experiences after Advanced Life Support training. Resuscitation. 2013;84(3):373–7.
Rothmann S, Coetzer EP. The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA J Ind Psychol. 2003;29:1. 2003
Rudolph JW, Simon R, Dufresne RL, Raemer DB. There’s no such thing as “nonjudgmental” debriefing: a theory and method for debriefing with good judgment. Simul Healthc. 2006;1(1):49–55.
Rudolph JW, Simon R, Rivard P, Dufresne RL, Raemer DB. Debriefing with good judgment: combining rigorous feedback with genuine inquiry. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007;25(2):361–76.
Rudolph JW, Simon R, Raemer DB, Eppich WJ. Debriefing as formative assessment: closing performance gaps in medical education. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(11):1010–6.
Rudolph JW, Foldy EG, Robinson T, Kendall S, Taylor SS, Simon R. Helping without harming: the instructor’s feedback dilemma in debriefing--a case study. Simul Healthc. 2013;8(5):304–16.
Steinwachs B. How to facilitate a debriefing. Simul Gaming. 1992;23(2):186–95.
Thompson R, Sullivan S, Campbell K, Osman I, Statz B, Jung HS. Does a written tool to guide structured debriefing improve discourse? Implications for interprofessional team simulation. J Surg Educ. 2018;75(6):e240–e5.
Ulmer FF, Sharara-Chami R, Lakissian Z, Stocker M, Scott E, Dieckmann P. Cultural prototypes and differences in simulation debriefing. Simul Healthc. 2018;13(4):239–46.
Viggers S, Østergaard D, Dieckmann P. How to include medical students in your healthcare simulation centre workforce. Advances in Simulation. 2020;5(1):1.
Zhang H, Morelius E, Goh SHL, Wang W. Effectiveness of video-assisted debriefing in simulation-based health professions education: a systematic review of quantitative evidence. Nurse Educ. 2019;44(3):E1–6.
Zottmann JM, Dieckmann P, Taraszow T, Rall M, Fischer F. Just watching is not enough: fostering simulation-based learning with collaboration scripts. GMS J Med Educ. 2018;35(3):Doc35.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Dieckmann, P., Sharara-Chami, R., Ersdal, H.L. (2020). Debriefing Practices in Simulation-Based Education. In: Nestel, D., Reedy, G., McKenna, L., Gough, S. (eds) Clinical Education for the Health Professions. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6106-7_51-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6106-7_51-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-6106-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-6106-7
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education