Abstract
Life started on the earth about 3.8 billion years ago, but the emergence of animals with simple nervous systems had to wait until about 580 million years ago. The brain is an organ to receive various kinds of information, assess them, and make decisions to produce adaptive behavior. The cost of having a large brain is quite high, and evolution of large brains seems to be a rather rare event. There is only one species with a brain the size of which amounts to 2% of its body size, namely, modern humans. A species that is intelligent enough to discover and utilize electromagnetic waves must have large brains, organs to manipulate objects, a means to communicate ideas about the external world, and a method to verify or refute hypotheses about nature. During the evolution of life on earth, at least one such species, modern humans, has evolved. As we do not know of any life forms other than those on our earth, we have only one evolutionary system within which to investigate the possibility of the evolution of intelligent species. Conclusions remain tentative until we have other examples of the evolution of life forms on planets other than our earth.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aiyello LC, Wheeler P (1995) The expensive hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Curr Anthropol 36:199–221
Boyd R, Silk JB (2008) How humans evolved. W. W. Norton & Co, New York
Byrne RW, Whiten A (eds) (1989) Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Dunbar RIM (1998) The social brain hypothesis. Evol Anthropol 6:178–190
Dunbar RIM (2014) Human evolution. Penguin, New York
Ferguson N (2012) Civilization: the six killer apps of western power. Penguin, New York
Fernandez-Almesto F (2001) Civilizations: culture, ambition, and the transformation of nature. Free Press, New York
Henry D (1989) From foraging to agriculture: the Levant and the end of the ice age. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia
Kaas J (ed) (2016) Evolution of nervous systems, vol 1–4, 2nd edn. Academic, New York
Larsen BB, Miller EC, Rhodes MK, Wiens JJ (2017) Inordinate fondness multiplied and redistributed: the number of species on earth and the new pie of life. Q Rev Biol 92:229–265
Morris I (2014) The measure of civilization. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Shea JJ (2016) Stone tools in human evolution: behavioral differences among technological Primates. Cambridge University Press, New York
Whiten A, Goodall J, McGrew WC, Nishida T, Reynolds V, Sugiyama Y, Tutin CEG, Wrangham RW, Boesch C (1999) Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399:682–685
Wrangham RW (2010) Catching fire: how cooking made us human. Profile Books, London
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. (2019). Evolution of Intelligence on the Earth. In: Yamagishi, A., Kakegawa, T., Usui, T. (eds) Astrobiology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3639-3_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3639-3_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3638-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3639-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)