Abstract
Serine proteases, the largest human protease family, are found in many key developmental and physiological processes in the biological system. Protease signalling pathways are stringently controlled, and deregulation of proteolytic activity results in the degradation of extracellular matrix which plays a major role in cancer progression. The Type II transmembrane serine protease, hepsin, matriptase-2 and TMPRSS4, and secreted serine protease, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), kallikreins and HtrA, are closely related to cancer-associated proteases and also involved in perturbation of uPA plasminogen system, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), upregulation of adhesion molecules like integrin family, activation of intracellular signalling cascade, inhibition of apoptosis pathway in various types of cancers which causes cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Serpin, an endogenous serine protease inhibitor, regulates the homeostasis by maintaining a delicate balance with the serine protease and prevents the process of invasion and metastasis of cancer cells thus inhibiting tumour growth. This chapter focuses on the role of serine proteases and their inhibitors in different types of tumours associated with cancer prognostication and therapy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Lin YC et al (1995) Activation of NF-kappa B requires proteolysis of the inhibitor I kappa B-alpha: signal-induced phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha alone does not release active NF-kappa B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:552–556
Walsh PN, Ahmad SS (2002) Proteases in blood clotting. Essays Biochem 38:95–111
Borissenko L, Groll M (2007) Diversity of proteasomal missions: fine tuning of the immune response. Biol Chem 388:947–955
Roth S (2003) The origin of dorsoventral polarity in drosophila. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 358:1317–1329. discussion 1329
Bastians H et al (1999) Cell cycle-regulated proteolysis of mitotic target proteins. Mol Biol Cell 10:3927–3941
Turk B, Stoka V (2007) Protease signalling in cell death: caspases versus cysteine cathepsins. FEBS Lett 581:2761–2767
Rawlings ND et al (2008) MEROPS: the peptidase database. Nucleic Acids Res 36:D320–D325
Di Cera E (2009) Serine proteases. IUBMB Life 61:510–515
Hedstrom L (2002) Serine protease mechanism and specificity. Chem Rev 102:4501–4524
Fastrez J, Fersht AR (1973) Demonstration of the acyl-enzyme mechanism for the hydrolysis of peptides and anilides by chymotrypsin. Biochemistry 12:2025–2034
Puente XS et al (2005) A genomic view of the complexity of mammalian proteolytic systems. Biochem Soc Trans 33:331–334
Stroud RM (1974) A family of protein-cutting proteins. Sci Am 231:74–88
Hooper JD et al (2001) Type II transmembrane serine proteases. Insights into an emerging class of cell surface proteolytic enzymes J Biol Chem 276:857–860
Netzel-Arnett S et al (2003) Membrane anchored serine proteases: a rapidly expanding group of cell surface proteolytic enzymes with potential roles in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 22:237–258
Chen LM et al (2001) Prostasin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored active serine protease. J Biol Chem 276:21434–21442
Verghese GM et al (2006) Prostasin regulates epithelial monolayer function: cell-specific Gpld1-mediated secretion and functional role for GPI anchor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291:C1258–C1270
Hooper JD et al (1999) Testisin, a new human serine proteinase expressed by premeiotic testicular germ cells and lost in testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer Res 59:3199–3205
Szabo R, Bugge TH (2008) Type II transmembrane serine proteases in development and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:1297–1316
Lu P et al. (2011) Extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling in development and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3: pii:a005058
Lopez-Otin C, Matrisian LM (2007) Emerging roles of proteases in tumour suppression. Nat Rev Cancer 7:800–808
Choi KY et al (2012) Protease-activated drug development. Theranostics 2:156–178
Hildenbrand R et al (2008) The urokinase-system--role of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Histol Histopathol 23:227–236
Collen D, Lijnen HR (1991) Basic and clinical aspects of fibrinolysis and thrombolysis. Blood 78:3114–3124
Blasi F (1997) uPA, uPAR, PAI-1: key intersection of proteolytic, adhesive and chemotactic highways? Immunol Today 18:415–417
Gondi CS et al (2007) Down-regulation of uPAR and uPA activates caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway. Int J Oncol 31:19–27
Andreasen PA et al (1997) The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: a review. Int J Cancer 72:1–22
Fisher JL et al (2001) The expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator system in metastatic murine osteosarcoma: an in vivo mouse model. Clin Cancer Res 7:1654–1660
Sidenius N, Blasi F (2003) The urokinase plasminogen activator system in cancer: recent advances and implication for prognosis and therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 22:205–222
Aguirre Ghiso JA et al (1999) Tumor dormancy induced by downregulation of urokinase receptor in human carcinoma involves integrin and MAPK signaling. J Cell Biol 147:89–104
Preissner KT et al (2000) Urokinase receptor: a molecular organizer in cellular communication. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12:621–628
Stillfried GE et al (2007) Plasminogen binding and activation at the breast cancer cell surface: the integral role of urokinase activity. Breast Cancer Res 9:R14
Harbeck N et al (2002) Clinical utility of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 determination in primary breast cancer tissue for individualized therapy concepts. Clin Breast Cancer 3:196–200
Oka T et al (1991) Immunohistochemical evidence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in primary and metastatic tumors of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 51:3522–3525
Hasui Y et al (1992) The content of urokinase-type plasminogen activator antigen as a prognostic factor in urinary bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 50:871–873
Nekarda H et al (1994) Tumour-associated proteolytic factors uPA and PAI-1 and survival in totally resected gastric cancer. Lancet 343:117
Han Q et al (2002) Rac1-MKK3-p38-MAPKAPK2 pathway promotes urokinase plasminogen activator mRNA stability in invasive breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 277:48379–48385
Borgono CA et al (2004) Human tissue kallikreins: physiologic roles and applications in cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2:257–280
Borgono CA, Diamandis EP (2004) The emerging roles of human tissue kallikreins in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 4:876–890
Schmitt M et al (2013) Emerging clinical importance of the cancer biomarkers kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) in female and male reproductive organ malignancies. Radiol Oncol 47:319–329
Milkiewicz M et al (2006) Regulators of angiogenesis and strategies for their therapeutic manipulation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38:333–357
Desrivieres S et al (1993) Activation of the 92 kDa type IV collagenase by tissue kallikrein. J Cell Physiol 157:587–593
Menashi S et al (1994) Regulation of 92-kDa gelatinase B activity in the extracellular matrix by tissue kallikrein. Ann N Y Acad Sci 732:466–468
Saunders WB et al (2005) MMP-1 activation by serine proteases and MMP-10 induces human capillary tubular network collapse and regression in 3D collagen matrices. J Cell Sci 118:2325–2340
Takayama TK et al (2001) Characterization of hK4 (prostase), a prostate-specific serine protease: activation of the precursor of prostate specific antigen (pro-PSA) and single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator and degradation of prostatic acid phosphatase. Biochemistry 40:15341–15348
Giusti B et al (2005) The antiangiogenic tissue kallikrein pattern of endothelial cells in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 52:3618–3628
Frenette G et al (1997) Prostatic kallikrein hK2, but not prostate-specific antigen (hK3), activates single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Int J Cancer 71:897–899
Colman RW (2006) Regulation of angiogenesis by the kallikrein-kinin system. Curr Pharm Des 12:2599–2607
Emanueli C, Madeddu P (2001) Targeting kinin receptors for the treatment of tissue ischaemia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:478–484
Watt KW et al (1986) Human prostate-specific antigen: structural and functional similarity with serine proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:3166–3170
Peter A et al (1998) Semenogelin I and semenogelin II, the major gel-forming proteins in human semen, are substrates for transglutaminase. Eur J Biochem 252:216–221
Christensson A et al (1990) Enzymatic activity of prostate-specific antigen and its reactions with extracellular serine proteinase inhibitors. Eur J Biochem 194:755–763
Christensson A, Lilja H (1994) Complex formation between protein C inhibitor and prostate-specific antigen in vitro and in human semen. Eur J Biochem 220:45–53
Mackay AR et al (1990) Basement membrane type IV collagen degradation: evidence for the involvement of a proteolytic cascade independent of metalloproteinases. Cancer Res 50:5997–6001
Webber MM, Waghray A (1995) Urokinase-mediated extracellular matrix degradation by human prostatic carcinoma cells and its inhibition by retinoic acid. Clin Cancer Res 1:755–761
Lipinska B et al (1990) The HtrA (DegP) protein, essential for Escherichia coli survival at high temperatures, is an endopeptidase. J Bacteriol 172:1791–1797
Spiess C et al (1999) A temperature-dependent switch from chaperone to protease in a widely conserved heat shock protein. Cell 97:339–347
Clausen T et al (2002) The HtrA family of proteases: implications for protein composition and cell fate. Mol Cell 10:443–455
Hu SI et al (1998) Human HtrA, an evolutionarily conserved serine protease identified as a differentially expressed gene product in osteoarthritic cartilage. J Biol Chem 273:34406–34412
Gray CW et al (2000) Characterization of human HtrA2, a novel serine protease involved in the mammalian cellular stress response. Eur J Biochem 267:5699–5710
Nie G et al (2006) Serine peptidase HTRA3 is closely associated with human placental development and is elevated in pregnancy serum. Biol Reprod 74:366–374
Inagaki A et al (2012) Upregulation of HtrA4 in the placentas of patients with severe pre-eclampsia. Placenta 33:919–926
Zurawa-Janicka D et al (2013) Temperature-induced changes of HtrA2(Omi) protease activity and structure. Cell Stress Chaperones 18:35–51
Canfield AE et al (2007) HtrA1: a novel regulator of physiological and pathological matrix mineralization? Biochem Soc Trans 35:669–671
Zumbrunn J, Trueb B (1996) Primary structure of a putative serine protease specific for IGF-binding proteins. FEBS Lett 398:187–192
Baldi A et al (2002) The HtrA1 serine protease is down-regulated during human melanoma progression and represses growth of metastatic melanoma cells. Oncogene 21:6684–6688
Kotliarov Y et al (2006) High-resolution global genomic survey of 178 gliomas reveals novel regions of copy number alteration and allelic imbalances. Cancer Res 66:9428–9436
Chien J et al (2004) A candidate tumor suppressor HtrA1 is downregulated in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 23:1636–1644
Narkiewicz J et al (2009) Expression of human HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3 and TGF-beta1 genes in primary endometrial cancer. Oncol Rep 21:1529–1537
Bowden MA et al (2006) Serine proteases HTRA1 and HTRA3 are down-regulated with increasing grades of human endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 103:253–260
Esposito V et al (2006) Analysis of HtrA1 serine protease expression in human lung cancer. Anticancer Res 26:3455–3459
Chien J et al (2006) Serine protease HtrA1 modulates chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity. J Clin Invest 116:1994–2004
Oka C et al (2004) HtrA1 serine protease inhibits signaling mediated by Tgfbeta family proteins. Development 131:1041–1053
Fesik SW (2005) Promoting apoptosis as a strategy for cancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Cancer 5:876–885
Verhagen AM et al (2002) HtrA2 promotes cell death through its serine protease activity and its ability to antagonize inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. J Biol Chem 277:445–454
Suzuki Y et al (2001) A serine protease, HtrA2, is released from the mitochondria and interacts with XIAP, inducing cell death. Mol Cell 8:613–621
Antalis TM et al (2010) The cutting edge: membrane-anchored serine protease activities in the pericellular microenvironment. Biochem J 428:325–346
Carter BS et al (1990) Epidemiologic evidence regarding predisposing factors to prostate cancer. Prostate 16:187–197
Moran P et al (2006) Pro-urokinase-type plasminogen activator is a substrate for hepsin. J Biol Chem 281:30439–30446
Kirchhofer D et al (2005) Hepsin activates pro-hepatocyte growth factor and is inhibited by hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1B (HAI-1B) and HAI-2. FEBS Lett 579:1945–1950
Kazama Y et al (1995) Hepsin, a putative membrane-associated serine protease, activates human factor VII and initiates a pathway of blood coagulation on the cell surface leading to thrombin formation. J Biol Chem 270:66–72
Chen Z et al (2003) Hepsin and maspin are inversely expressed in laser capture microdissectioned prostate cancer. J Urol 169:1316–1319
Magee JA et al (2001) Expression profiling reveals hepsin overexpression in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 61:5692–5696
Tanimoto H et al (1997) Hepsin, a cell surface serine protease identified in hepatoma cells, is overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 57:2884–2887
Lin B et al (1999) Prostate-localized and androgen-regulated expression of the membrane-bound serine protease TMPRSS2. Cancer Res 59:4180–4184
Thiery JP, Sleeman JP (2006) Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7:131–142
Peinado H et al (2007) Snail, Zeb and bHLH factors in tumour progression: an alliance against the epithelial phenotype? Nat Rev Cancer 7:415–428
Kim S et al (2010) TMPRSS4 induces invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through upregulation of integrin alpha5 and its signaling pathways. Carcinogenesis 31:597–606
Jung H et al (2008) TMPRSS4 promotes invasion, migration and metastasis of human tumor cells by facilitating an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 27:2635–2647
Cheng H et al (2009) Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition through membrane-bound serine proteinases. Cancer Res 69:1828–1835
Min HJ et al (2014) TMPRSS4 upregulates uPA gene expression through JNK signaling activation to induce cancer cell invasion. Cell Signal 26:398–408
Wang CH et al (2015) TMPRSS4 facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma and is a predictive marker for poor prognosis of patients after curative resection. Sci Rep 5:12366
Min HJ et al (2014) TMPRSS4 induces cancer cell invasion through pro-uPA processing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 446:1–7
Ramsay AJ et al (2008) The type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase-2--identification, structural features, enzymology, expression pattern and potential roles. Front Biosci 13:569–579
Velasco G et al (2002) Matriptase-2, a membrane-bound mosaic serine proteinase predominantly expressed in human liver and showing degrading activity against extracellular matrix proteins. J Biol Chem 277:37637–37646
Webb SL et al (2012) The influence of matriptase-2 on prostate cancer in vitro: a possible role for beta-catenin. Oncol Rep 28:1491–1497
Shi YE et al (1993) Identification and characterization of a novel matrix-degrading protease from hormone-dependent human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 53:1409–1415
Ramsay AJ et al (2009) Matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6): a proteolytic regulator of iron homeostasis. Haematologica 94:840–849
Ramsay AJ et al (2009) Matriptase-2 mutations in iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia patients provide new insights into protease activation mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 18:3673–3683
Sanders AJ et al (2010) The type II transmembrane serine protease, matriptase-2: possible links to cancer? Anti Cancer Agents Med Chem 10:64–69
Oberst M et al (2001) Matriptase and HAI-1 are expressed by normal and malignant epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Am J Pathol 158:1301–1311
Riddick AC et al (2005) Identification of degradome components associated with prostate cancer progression by expression analysis of human prostatic tissues. Br J Cancer 92:2171–2180
Tannock IF, Rotin D (1989) Acid pH in tumors and its potential for therapeutic exploitation. Cancer Res 49:4373–4384
McQueney MS et al (1997) Autocatalytic activation of human cathepsin K. J Biol Chem 272:13955–13960
Richter C et al (1998) Mechanism of activation of the gastric aspartic proteinases: pepsinogen, progastricsin and prochymosin. Biochem J 335(Pt 3):481–490
Tseng IC et al (2010) Matriptase activation, an early cellular response to acidosis. J Biol Chem 285:3261–3270
Lin CY et al (1997) Characterization of a novel, membrane-bound, 80-kDa matrix-degrading protease from human breast cancer cells. Monoclonal antibody production, isolation, and localization. J Biol Chem 272:9147–9152
Oberst MD et al (2003) The activation of matriptase requires its noncatalytic domains, serine protease domain, and its cognate inhibitor. J Biol Chem 278:26773–26779
Xu H et al (2012) Mechanisms for the control of matriptase activity in the absence of sufficient HAI-1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 302:C453–C462
Lee MS et al (2005) Simultaneous activation and hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1-mediated inhibition of matriptase induced at activation foci in human mammary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 288:C932–C941
Szabo R et al (2007) Matriptase inhibition by hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 is essential for placental development. Oncogene 26:1546–1556
Kang JY et al (2003) Tissue microarray analysis of hepatocyte growth factor/met pathway components reveals a role for met, matriptase, and hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 in the progression of node-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 63:1101–1105
Saleem M et al (2006) A novel biomarker for staging human prostate adenocarcinoma: overexpression of matriptase with concomitant loss of its inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 15:217–227
Bhatt AS et al (2005) Adhesion signaling by a novel mitotic substrate of src kinases. Oncogene 24:5333–5343
Engh RA et al (1995) Divining the serpin inhibition mechanism: a suicide substrate ‘springe’? Trends Biotechnol 13:503–510
Irving JA et al (2000) Phylogeny of the serpin superfamily: implications of patterns of amino acid conservation for structure and function. Genome Res 10:1845–1864
Declerck PJ, Gils A (2013) Three decades of research on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: a multifaceted serpin. Semin Thromb Hemost 39:356–364
Dass K et al (2008) Evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in human cancers. Cancer Treat Rev 34:122–136
Duffy MJ (2002) Urokinase plasminogen activator and its inhibitor, PAI-1, as prognostic markers in breast cancer: from pilot to level 1 evidence studies. Clin Chem 48:1194–1197
Bajou K et al (2008) Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protects endothelial cells from FasL-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Cell 14:324–334
Bajou K et al (1998) Absence of host plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 prevents cancer invasion and vascularization. Nat Med 4:923–928
Nishioka N et al (2012) Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNAi suppresses gastric cancer metastasis in vivo. Cancer Sci 103:228–232
Zou Z et al (1994) Maspin, a serpin with tumor-suppressing activity in human mammary epithelial cells. Science 263:526–529
Sheng S et al (1994) Production, purification, and characterization of recombinant maspin proteins. J Biol Chem 269:30988–30993
Pemberton PA et al (1997) Maspin is an intracellular serpin that partitions into secretory vesicles and is present at the cell surface. J Histochem Cytochem 45:1697–1706
Bass R et al (2002) Maspin inhibits cell migration in the absence of protease inhibitory activity. J Biol Chem 277:46845–46848
McGowen R et al (2000) The surface of prostate carcinoma DU145 cells mediates the inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by maspin. Cancer Res 60:4771–4778
Biliran H Jr, Sheng S (2001) Pleiotrophic inhibition of pericellular urokinase-type plasminogen activator system by endogenous tumor suppressive maspin. Cancer Res 61:8676–8682
Sheng S et al (1998) Tissue-type plasminogen activator is a target of the tumor suppressor gene maspin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:499–504
Zhang M et al (1997) Transactivation through Ets and Ap1 transcription sites determines the expression of the tumor-suppressing gene maspin. Cell Growth Differ 8:179–186
Domann FE et al (2000) Epigenetic silencing of maspin gene expression in human breast cancers. Int J Cancer 85:805–810
Qin L, Zhang M (2010) Maspin regulates endothelial cell adhesion and migration through an integrin signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 285:32360–32369
Zhang M et al (2000) Maspin is an angiogenesis inhibitor. Nat Med 6:196–199
Wang MC et al (2004) Maspin expression and its clinicopathological significance in tumorigenesis and progression of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 10:634–637
Latha K et al (2005) Maspin mediates increased tumor cell apoptosis upon induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition. Mol Cell Biol 25:1737–1748
Chen EI et al (2005) Maspin alters the carcinoma proteome. FASEB J 19:1123–1124
Schwartz AL, Ciechanover A (1999) The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and pathogenesis of human diseases. Annu Rev Med 50:57–74
Mercatali L et al (2006) RT-PCR determination of maspin and mammaglobin B in peripheral blood of healthy donors and breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 17:424–428
Chim SS et al (2005) Detection of the placental epigenetic signature of the maspin gene in maternal plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:14753–14758
Shi HY et al (2003) Modeling human breast cancer metastasis in mice: maspin as a paradigm. Histol Histopathol 18:201–206
Li Z et al (2005) Targeted expression of maspin in tumor vasculatures induces endothelial cell apoptosis. Oncogene 24:2008–2019
Ruegg MA et al (1989) Purification of axonin-1, a protein that is secreted from axons during neurogenesis. EMBO J 8:55–63
Hastings GA et al (1997) Neuroserpin, a brain-associated inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator is localized primarily in neurons. Implications for the regulation of motor learning and neuronal survival J Biol Chem 272:33062–33067
Kaiserman D et al (2006) Mechanisms of serpin dysfunction in disease. Expert Rev Mol Med 8:1–19
Lloyd-Jones D et al (2009) Heart disease and stroke statistics--2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee. Circulation 119:e21–181
Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF (2008) Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of stroke: therapeutic strategies. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 7:243–253
Lebeurrier N et al (2005) The brain-specific tissue-type plasminogen activator inhibitor, neuroserpin, protects neurons against excitotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Neurosci 30:552–558
Yepes M et al (2002) Regulation of seizure spreading by neuroserpin and tissue-type plasminogen activator is plasminogen-independent. J Clin Invest 109:1571–1578
Chang WS et al (2000) Tissue-specific cancer-related serpin gene cluster at human chromosome band 3q26. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 29:240–255
Steele FR et al (1993) Pigment epithelium-derived factor: neurotrophic activity and identification as a member of the serine protease inhibitor gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:1526–1530
He X et al (2015) PEDF and its roles in physiological and pathological conditions: implication in diabetic and hypoxia-induced angiogenic diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 128:805–823
Ide H et al (2015) Circulating pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is associated with pathological grade of prostate cancer. Anticancer Res 35:1703–1708
Seruga B et al (2011) Drug resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8:12–23
Dawson DW et al (1999) Pigment epithelium-derived factor: a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science 285:245–248
Johnston EK et al (2015) Recombinant pigment epithelium-derived factor PEDF binds vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 51:730–738
Belkacemi L, Zhang SX (2016) Anti-tumor effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF): implication for cancer therapy. A mini-review. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 35:4
Guan M et al (2007) Adenovirus-mediated PEDF expression inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and results in augmented expression of PAI-2. Cancer Biol Ther 6:419–425
Crawford SE et al (2001) Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in neuroblastoma: a multifunctional mediator of Schwann cell antitumor activity. J Cell Sci 114:4421–4428
Filleur S et al (2005) Two functional epitopes of pigment epithelial-derived factor block angiogenesis and induce differentiation in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 65:5144–5152
Abramson LP et al (2003) Wilms’ tumor growth is suppressed by antiangiogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor in a xenograft model. J Pediatr Surg 38:336–342
Mishur RJ et al (2008) Synthesis, X-ray crystallographic, and NMR characterizations of platinum(II) and platinum(IV) pyrophosphato complexes. Inorg Chem 47:7972–7982
Kazal LA et al (1948) Isolation of a crystalline trypsin inhibitor-anticoagulant protein from pancreas. J Am Chem Soc 70:3034–3040
Stenman UH et al (1982) Immunochemical demonstration of an ovarian cancer-associated urinary peptide. Int J Cancer 30:53–57
Kuwata K et al (2002) Functional analysis of recombinant pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor protein with amino-acid substitution. J Gastroenterol 37:928–934
Hirota M et al (2006) Genetic background of pancreatitis. Postgrad Med J 82:775–778
Gaber A et al (2009) High expression of tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor correlates with liver metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 100:1540–1548
Soon WW et al (2011) Combined genomic and phenotype screening reveals secretory factor SPINK1 as an invasion and survival factor associated with patient prognosis in breast cancer. EMBO Mol Med 3:451–464
Ateeq B et al. (2011) Therapeutic targeting of SPINK1-positive prostate cancer. Sci Transl Med 3: 72ra17
McKeehan WL et al (1986) Two apparent human endothelial cell growth factors from human hepatoma cells are tumor-associated proteinase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 261:5378–5383
Ozaki N et al (2009) Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 promotes proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells through the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mol Cancer Res 7:1572–1581
Stenman UH (2011) SPINK1: a new therapeutic target in cancer? Clin Chem 57:1474–1475
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Poddar, N.K., Maurya, S.K., Saxena, V. (2017). Role of Serine Proteases and Inhibitors in Cancer. In: Chakraborti, S., Dhalla, N. (eds) Proteases in Physiology and Pathology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2513-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2513-6_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-2512-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-2513-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)